The Strong Women in The Orestia by Aeschylus Essay -- Aeschylus Orest

The Strong Women in The Orestia by Aeschylus To most readers, the women of The Orestia are evil and vindictive, a disgrace to all chaste and righteous women. Aeschylus portrayed women as equals to men, which was not the opinion of most Greeks at the time. Although he showed some of his women characters as evil, he minded(p) them power, and emasculated the men around them. Un worry Homer, the women of Aeschylus show both ranges of emotions, both the good and the bad. A wo homo portrayed as a villain whitethorn be thought of negatively, but the fact that a female is allowed to be the villain, to take action, and leave other men helpless to the choices that she makes, it is a great step. In the time of the Greeks, a woman was either victimized by the male world around her, or victimized other males to hold a institutionalize in the world. Aeschylus made his women characters unique for his time but relevant to ours, since all the bad and evil characteristics of women then are mostly re cognized as readiness and intellect. This theme is mostly clearly shown through Clymanestra. Clymanestra was not an evil character, but rather a misunderstood one. Woman of today could perfectly relate to her situation. For example, Clymanestra was like a housewife, who ran her family while her husband was off focused on his job, working overtime, even when he didn?t need the money, leaving her needs totally ignored to. The husband talked about his work life like he was the gear that everything revolves around, perhaps even talks about the women that worship him for his skills, or at worst, sleeps with his secretary. He sacrificed spending time with his children, even missed his daughter?s first ballet recital, so that he could kiss up to the bos... ... All in all, the truehearted women in Aeschylus were a man?s nightmare, but the fulfillment of a woman?s dream. Clymanestra was the type of woman hated in Greece as a she-devil tyrant, but in the present, the kind of woman who w ould have been a very effective and respected politician who could keep her own in a man?s world. Aeschylus clearly showed that for a woman, it was nobler to take control of one?s life, be independent, and die, than to ride the rivers of passiveness, watch the world float by without taking any action to change one?s fate, and live a fruitless life. Clymanestra was not just another ?evil? woman, but could be looked at as a role model for the feminist movement. She took control of sexuality, of her kingdom, of her children, and her marriage. Works CitedAeschylus. Oresteia. Trans. Peter Meineck. Indianapolis Hackett, 1998.

Its Time for States to Secede from the Union :: Politics Political Essays

Its Time for States to Secede from the Union There is clear evidence that Congress, the White House, as well as the Courts, fox vastly exceeded powers delegated to them by our physical composition. To have an appreciation for the magnitude of the usurpation, one need only read Federalist Paper 45, where James Madison the acknowledged father of our Constitution explained, The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the Federal Government, are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State Governments are numerous and indefinite. The former will be exercised in general on external objects, as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce with which last the power of taxation will for the most part be connected. The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all the objects, which, in the ordinary course of affairs, concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people and the internal order, improvement, and prosperity of the State.Short of some kind of cataclysmic event liberties alienated are seldom regained but there is an outside chance to regain them if enough liberty-minded Americans were to pursue Free State Projects proposal to set up sensitive Hampshire as a free state. Free State Project (www.freestateproject.org) intends to get 20,000 or so Americans to become residents of New Hampshire. Through a peaceful political process they hope to assume leadership in the states legislature and executive offices and reduce burdensome taxation and regulation, reform state and local law, end federal official mandates that violate the Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and restore constitutional federalism as envisioned by the nations Founders. Since there is only a remote possibility of prospered negotiation with Congress, the Courts and White House to obey the U.S. Constitution, it is my guess that liberty could only realized by a unilateral declaration of independence - namely, part company - in a word seced e. While our Constitution is silent about secession, there is clear evidence that our Founders saw it as an option.On March 2, 1861, afterwards seven states had seceded and two days before Abraham Lincolns inauguration, Senator James R. Doolittle (WI) proposed a constitutional amendment that said, No State or any part thereof, heretofore admitted or hereunder admitted into the Union, shall have the power to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the United States. Several months earlier Representatives Daniel E. Sickles (NY), Thomas B. Florence (PA) and Otis S.

John Savage Desires What Makes Essay -- essays research papers

Brave New World illustrates a world where everything that is morally right in our society, is wrong. Monogamy is sinful, massive orgies argon not. Serious thinking is unnecessary because life has already been planned egress. Hardships and stress can be work with a few tablets of soma. This is the world which whoremonger Savage and others in the novel foolishly came to hate. All of the things that John Savage desires are the things that make our society unstable. Huxley uses John Savage to show the reader that this world is distopian, when this society is the closest example to a stable, utopian society.Uninhibited sexual freedom provides happiness to this societys citizens, the Fordians. Promiscuity is encouraged, and monogamy is discouraged. There is no room for love, or real emotional ties. John Savage does not agree with these ideas, but he fails to catch the implications of loving others. In our society, love and sexual desire are the causes of murder, suicide, and rape. E veryone belongs to everyone else(pg.35). This is one of the umpteen hypnopaedic messages that are repeated to the Fordians. It prevents them from feeling passion, desire, lust, jealousy, and true love. In absence of these feelings, they are free from emotional ties and have no reason to rape or murder someone because of inner desires. They are able to express their sexuality with others, and passing game sexual tension. Hurt and pain is eliminated from their minds, and these people can live the rest of their lives with child-like bliss. John Savage disagrees with these ideas and objects by stating,The murkiest den, the most opportune place (the voice or conscience thundered poetically), the strongest suggestion our worser genius can, shall never melt mine honour into lust. Never, never (pg. 174-175)This occurs when Lenina wanted to have sex with John. Instead of accepting her invitation, he lashes out at her screaming, Whore Impudent strumpet (pg. 176). Meaning that he fails to un derstand how the Fordian society works. Not only that, but the fact that there are many in our society who can only wish to be in his place.Another form of happiness that Huxley supplies to the Fordians is soma. The hypnopaedic message a gramme is better than a damn,(pg.49) is repeated to these individuals so that they take soma instead of worrying... ...ot independent ideas of their own. Everyone, in a word, whos anyone. (pg.207)Even free thinkers are able to live peacefully in the Fordian society. They have the choice to retreat to an island where there are many people who may share the same views. The Fordian society is not communistic. They do not execute those who think for themselves, but allow them to grow. Even though they may not have the ability to spread their know directge on to others, their needs are fulfilled.Is the Fordian society utopian? It is impossible to say no when there is less conflict, no pain, happiness, no jealousy, harmony, efficiency, stability, and no disease. John Savage entered the Fordian world, not the other bureau around. If he wanted to be singled out, beaten, and hated, then he could have stayed in the reservation. The Fordian society was prepared to embrace him, but he was not willing to adapt. collectible to his stubborn nature he eventually committed suicide. John was offered a unique opportunity to live along with the Fordians, but his inability to change himself led to his death. If any other savage were given such an opportunity, they would have take in immediately.

Transformative Learning in Adulthood :: Adult Education Educate Essays

Transformative Learning in Adulthood A defining condition of being human is that we have to understand the importee of our experience. For some, any un tinyly assimilated explanation by an authority figure will suffice. But in contemporary societies we must learn to make our own interpretations sooner than act on the purposes, beliefs, judgments, and feelings of others. Facilitating such understandings is the cardinal goal of adult education. Transformative learning develops autonomous thinking. (Mezirow 1997, p. 5)Since first introduced by Jack Mezirow in 1978, the concept of transformative learning has been a topic of research and theory building in the field of adult education (Taylor 1998). Although Mezirow is considered to be the major developer of transformative learning theory, other statuss about transformative learning--influenced by the recreate of Robert Boyd--are emerging. Following a discussion of transformative learning as conceptualized by Mezirow, this Digest descri bes research and theory building by Robert Boyd and its influence on current perspectives of transformative learning. virtually suggestions for fostering transformative learning conclude the Digest. Mezirow and Transformative LearningThe theory of transformative learning that has been developed by Mezirow during the past 2 decades has evolved into a comprehensive and complex description of how learners construe, validate, and explicate the meaning of their experience (Cranton 1994, p. 22). Centrality of experience, critical reflection, and rational discourse are three common themes in Mezirows theory (Taylor 1998), which is based on psychoanalytic theory (Boyd and Myers 1988) and critical social theory (Scott 1997). For learners to change their meaning schemes (specific beliefs, attitudes, and emotional reactions), they must engage in critical reflection on their experiences, which in turn leads to a perspective transformation (Mezirow 1991, p. 167). sight transformation is the p rocess of becoming critically aware of how and why our assumptions have come to constrain the way we perceive, understand, and feel about our arena changing these structures of habitual expectation to make possible a more inclusive, discriminating, and integrating perspective and, finally, making choices or otherwise acting upon these new understandings (ibid.).Perspective transformation explains how the meaning structures that adults have acquired over a lifetime become transformed. These meaning structures are frames of reference that are based on the totality of individuals pagan and contextual experiences and that influence how they behave and interpret events (Taylor 1998). An individuals meaning structure will influence how she chooses to vote or how she reacts to women who suffer physical abuse, for example.

The European Union - Dilemmas, Asymmetries and Equilibria of European Integration :: Essays Papers

The europiuman Union - Dilemmas, Asymmetries and Equilibria of European Integration The European Union has been vacillating between a Federation and a Common- riches approach. An unpleasant situation has evolved, where all participants feel they atomic number 18 cheated large States think their smaller partners wield disproportionate clout, small States fear their marginalisation. No system of checks-and-balances seems to know e.g. in the field of Monetary Union. Moreover, no real solution has been proposed for the difference in development levels within the ever-closer Union and no credible equilibrium has been desire between the competitivity race on one hand and a social profile for the Union on the other. A series of re-equilibrations has to occur in Europe for the future to happen without shocks. Whatever shines is not made of gold The long-winded negotiations of the IGC ad the much-hailed Amsterdam Treaty have brought little change to the European Parliament. iodine techn ical point, though, may lead to an important future shift in priorities. The maximum number of EuroMPs has been fixed at 700 thus if enlargement takes place as expected, the number of sitting EuroMPs of present EU members will have to shrink. For a country like Greece, this would give 21-22 members instead of the present 25. This should lead to a more rational choise of postings on the part of EuroMPs, who have been neglecting useful and even powerful Committees so as to sit on more decorative functions. EU Greece Admitted As Member Of Euro Common CurrencyGreece thus becomes the 12th member of the currency union, and the first to join since the project was launched just 18 months ago. Greeks are jubilant, saying the relocation represents a recognition of the economic maturity achieved by their country. Athens-based media commentator Andreas Papageorgopoulos, who was at the summit site in Porto, put it this way For Greece its a big day, it proves that the Greek people through thei r government in the last few years have achieved an enormous task. They have overcome a number of obstacles, and now we are not at the door of Europe, but virtually inside. But not everybody views the Greek accession as positive. The infant euro has had a hard time since its inception, losing closely a quarter of its value against the U.S. dollar because of lack of investor confidence. German bankers and financiers, in particular, have been outspoken in their belief that including in the euro Greece, a country traditionally plagued by economic problems, would send the wrong signal to the markets.

The European Union - Dilemmas, Asymmetries and Equilibria of European Integration :: Essays Papers

The europiuman Union - Dilemmas, Asymmetries and Equilibria of European Integration The European Union has been vacillating between a Federation and a Common- wealthiness approach. An unpleasant situation has evolved, where all participants feel they ar cheated large States think their smaller partners wield disproportionate clout, small States fear their marginalisation. No system of checks-and-balances seems to last e.g. in the field of Monetary Union. Moreover, no real solution has been proposed for the difference in development levels within the ever-closer Union and no credible equilibrium has been want between the competitivity race on one hand and a social profile for the Union on the other. A series of re-equilibrations has to occur in Europe for the future to happen without shocks. Whatever shines is not made of gold The long-winded negotiations of the IGC ad the much-hailed Amsterdam Treaty have brought little change to the European Parliament. genius technical point, though, may lead to an important future shift in priorities. The maximum number of EuroMPs has been fixed at 700 thus if enlargement takes place as expected, the number of sitting EuroMPs of present EU members will have to shrink. For a country like Greece, this would give 21-22 members instead of the present 25. This should lead to a more(prenominal) rational choise of postings on the part of EuroMPs, who have been neglecting useful and even powerful Committees so as to sit on more decorative functions. EU Greece Admitted As Member Of Euro Common CurrencyGreece thus becomes the 12th member of the currency union, and the first to join since the project was launched just 18 months ago. Grecians are jubilant, saying the croak represents a recognition of the economic maturity achieved by their country. Athens-based media commentator Andreas Papageorgopoulos, who was at the summit site in Porto, put it this way For Greece its a big day, it proves that the Greek people through their government in the last few years have achieved an enormous task. They have overcome a number of obstacles, and now we are not at the door of Europe, but virtually inside. But not everybody views the Greek accession as positive. The infant euro has had a hard time since its inception, losing well-nigh a quarter of its value against the U.S. dollar because of lack of investor confidence. German bankers and financiers, in particular, have been outspoken in their belief that including in the euro Greece, a country traditionally plagued by economic problems, would send the wrong signal to the markets.

Mortuary And Anatomical Pathology Health And Social Care Essay

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Marriott Corp: the Cost of Capital

To President, Marriott Corporation From FLO299 Subject Marriott Corporation The Cost of Capital Date April 6, 2010 The Importance of the Cost of Capital The cost of groovy is important as it forms the basis for Marriotts investing and financial decisions. By understanding and knowing the cost of capital, Marriott is fit to select relevant investment projects for the company, regulate incentive compensation, and repurchase undervalued sh ars when needed. The returns of a project were found by discounting the appropriate cash flows against the appropriate hurdle rates.Without knowing the cost of capital, Marriott would not be able to determine hurdle rates that would help Marriotts growth. Also, knowing the cost of debt would allow Marriott to optimize the enjoyment of debt in the companys capital structure. lettered the hurdle rates on a divisional level would also enable Marriott to reward their managers using incentive compensation. By using hurdle rates, Marriott managers would be more than sensitive to Marriotts financial strategy and capital market conditions and would give the company a more accountable method of rewarding their employees.Lastly, Marriotts method of calculating a warranted equity value for its common shares required knowing the companys equity cost of capital. A share worth that was below the warranted equity value signaled to Marriott when the company needed to step in to repurchase its stock as the company believed that repurchases of shares were a better use of Marriotts cash flow and debt capacity than acquisitions or owning real estate. Computing Marriotts WACC The cost-of-capital was computed both divisionally and overall for the company. It required using the formula WACC = (1-t_)RD(D/V) + RE(E/V). D and E are the market values of the debt and equity respectively and V (market value) = D+E. RD and RE are the pretax income cost of debt and cost of equity respectively and t is the corporate tax rate. The Numbers Used in Ma rriotts WACC A 34% tax rate rate will be assumed for simplicitys sake so more effort rout out be focused on other issues. The above WACC calculation uses market value of debt. Cost of debt can be observed at one time by calculating the yield to maturity of outstanding bonds, but since the bond market is not very transparent and we know Marriotts unsecured debt is A-rated, the company can expect to pay a pass out above some origin rate.Which index to use should be determined by project life, and as inhabit is based on a long term business model, a 30-year treasury bond is appropriate. In this case, the base is 8. 95% according to Tabe B and the spread for the overall company is 130 basis points according to Table A. Also found in Table A, Marriott set a target of the debt percentage in its capital structure to be 60% for the overall company. Because there is no way of directly observing the return that equity investors require, we rely on a couple of methods to estimate it.A div idend growth model can be used, and although simply to use, this approach assumes steady dividend growth. This approach also does not directly aline for the riskiness of a project. An alternative approach is to use CAPM, which does not rely on dividend growth and does take both the market risk premium and imperious risk into consideration. Using CAPM to estimate the cost of equity we use the following formula _E(R)=Rf+ nurse skirt *MRP_. Rf is the same risk-free base rate used to calculate cost of debt, in this case, 8. 95% from Table A.The draw haul up is obtained from regression using market data and therefore is touched by leverage. To adjust for this, the B is unlevered and then relevered so that it is the B for business risk only, independent of capital structure. With due consideration given to each input, supplement A is a computation of Marriotts WACC, 11. 87%, which is also the required rate of return for the company overall. The Use of Marriotts WACC in Divisional Deci sions Marriott can use the computed WACC to support its stock repurchasing decisions because it allows the equity cash flows to be discounted at a company level rate.But because each cost of capital input could discord amongst its divisions, the cost of capital varies across each. If Marriott used the above calculated WACC for all divisional decisions, it would cause the company to take on riskier projects, projects that once risk familiarized would likely cause the company to lose money in the long run. A better approach would be to use individual draw skeleton for each project with CAPM to calculate the WACC for each project and compare it to IRR. Determining Divisional WACCTo estimate the WACC for each division, we need their corresponding drawframe . To do this we use comparable companies for each division this is because we cannot run regressions at the divisional level as that information is not available. For the lodging division, we compare other hotel companies, for the eating place division, we compare other restaurants, and for the obligation services division we use the identity drawframe M=WL* drawframe L+WR drawframe R+WCS drawframe CS. The identifiable assets in Exhibit 2 will be used to compute the weights of each division.Once again, because the information is real market poesy, drawframe E is affected by leverage and must be unlevered by multiplying it by 1 market leverage. This results in drawframe A which is business risk, independent of capital structure. Asset risk is the only thing that is comparable across firms. Within each divisional equivalence to comparable companies, weighted average of drawframe A is used as smaller companies have less impact on the overall segment. These numbers are shown in Exhibit 3. The WACC for each division is found in Appendix B to D. Differences in WACCAppendix A Marriotts Overall WACC count Appendix B Marriotts WACC for Lodging Appendix C Marriotts WACC for Restaurants Appendix D Marriotts WACC f or Contract Services Identifiable lodging assets = 2777. 4 WL = 60. 61% drawframe L = . 57 Identifiable restaurant assets = 567. 6 WR = 12. 39% drawframe R = . 75 Identifiable contract services assets = 1237. 7 WCS= 27. 00% drawframe CS = solve for this below drawframe M=WL* drawframe L+WR drawframe R+WCS drawframe CS 0. 57 = . 6061*0. 42 + . 12390. 75 + . 2700 drawframe CS drawframe CS = 0. 57

Dark Knight Literary Analysis

There is no doubt in my mind my argument go away be persuade in this case. When one searches for the definition of herd In the dictionary, one finds definitions of the term such as a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his braw deeds and noble qualities. , the principal male character in a story, play, film, etc. , and a person who, in the opinion of others, has heroic qualities or has performed a heroic act and is regarded as a model or ideal.If you are familiar with Batman, you would already be nodding your head in encomium of my premise, but as a sign of respect to Christopher Nylons trilogy and for points In the AP English Language class this essay will be more horrors In Its analysis. It will be deeper, In a literary way. You havent read everything. Not everything, not yet. The story of a hero must be one of rebirth and the overcoming of obstacles. in all the major pop-culture heroes we know and love have been through it. Neo was awoken from his matrix-ind uced slumber to face the real world.He had to embrace the fact he was the One, and that he had the power to palliate mankind from the machines. Tactics Finch fought racism while fighting for his client in the times of blatant discrimination In Batmans case. His whole life was filled with sad obstacles. HIS arenas were murdered when he was barely a nestling in front of him, which left him without any technical family to nurture him. But in light of his fathers haggle after he witnessed great fear in a well Why do we fall? So we can learn to pick ourselves gumption up. , he did, in fact, pick himself up.Bruce Wayne was convinced Gotcha was full of corruption, crime and evil, but that the problem had a solution. The well Bruce fell In as a child worked perfectly as a metaphor for the trilogy throughout. In that well he faced what would first become his biggest fear, to then become his symbol and tool to comme il faut powerful. In his quest for becoming a new version of himself tha t could effectively fight crime he met Eras AY Ghoul, who taught him the ways of physical combat and most importantly how to strike fear in the mind of his enemies by first embracing his own darkness and fear.As a result the symbol of the bat becomes a big(p) motif or identity In the story. We can see It in his nightmares, his cave and, of course, his suit. Later In the series we witness another rebirth of the principal(prenominal) character. This time its less Bruce Wayne who is being reborn, and more Batman. After taking the blame for Harvey Dents wrongdoings, the injured and exhausted Batman disappears from Gotcha. And so does Bruce Wayne from his company and from the eye of the media. Once the new, unstoppable terror becomes terrorizing Gotcha Batman tries once more to restore the order in his metropolis but falls.Bane beats him half to death and leaves him In his former prison to rot and con Gotcha burn afraid of losing Gotcha. In this situation he has to find strength in himself in order to live, escape the depths of the prison and ultimately save his city from Banes nuclear bomb. In his escape, a clear reference to the well of his childhood is made. A well that signifies both the embrace of ones fears and rebirth. During his ascension to freedom Bruce recollects the voice communication once mentioned by his dead father. Mentors are crucial in a heroic Journey. They shape the character of the hero and teach him the ways of heroism.They usually deliver words of wisdom that can be become anyones motto. Among them we can find Tumbledown, Youd, Magic and Hammiest. Bruce Wanes Journey is positively endowed with learns. The most obvious option would be his father, usually any boys role model. His life was short, and his company to Bruce even more, but his presence endured the test of time. His strong words clearly rang in his sons mind for the rest of his life. doubting Thomas Wayne was a rich man, who loved his family. He was a philanthropist who bel ieved in peace. His last words to Bruce were Bruce, dont be afraid. , and in retrospect these are words he strongly lived by.Another mentor of Wayne is Henry Ducal, Eras AY Ghoul. It was this man who drove Bruce to becoming Batman, he challenged him to embrace his fears. Ducal trained him to become the machine of crime-fighting he later becomes when he faces the Joker. Ducats presence in the story is brief, but without him Bruce Wayne wouldnt have found Batman in himself. Bruce Wayne encounters this darkness and embraces it, but he struggles to find his balance. This brings up the final, and most important mentor in his life, Alfred Pennyworth. Alfred job is to butler for Bruce, but he represents much more than any of that.Alfred was there for Bruce after his parents were murdered and took care of him. Alfred provides wisdom to Bruce when he needfully it, he is a fountain of life lessons because of his travels and age. Alfred holds the memories of what the Wayne family was before B races parents died. He speaks in the way Braces father did to him as a child, reminding him of what his father taught him to stand up for. When Batman is pushed up against the ropes when trying to figure out what the Joker wants, Alfred helps out with a memorable quote. Well, because he thought it was good sport. Because some men arent looking for anything logical, like money.They cant be bought, bullied, reasoned, or negotiated with. Some men Just want to watch the world burn. , with these words, Wayne gains insight on who he is facing. After this, he understands The Joker Just wants to wrestle Batmans rules. Finally, the most notorious asset of a hero is his sacrifice for others. This can be presented as material or emotional. Heroic sacrifices are classical. Like gangland the Grey first death as he fights the fierce Balboa to let the rest of the Fellowship flee or when the T-800 had himself lowered into the pit of molten admixture to save humanity from future terminators in th e end of Terminator.

Adoption – Outliers: the Story of Success

19 October 2012 Outliers The Story of Success Published in 2008, Outliers The Story of Success is Malcolm Gladwells tertiary consecutive best-selling nonfiction book, following Tipping Point (2000) and Blink (2005). While Tipping Point focuses on the individuals ability to effect change in society, Outliers deals with the cultural and societal forces that give an individual a chance.Through a series of case studies, Gladwell insists that we have all too easily bought into the myth that successful hatful argon self-make instead, he pronounces they are invariably the beneficiaries of hidden advantages and extraordinary opportunities and cultural legacies that allow them to learn and cypher voteless and make sense of the dry land in ways others fundamentnot. Gladwell defines an outlier as a psyche out of the ordinary who doesnt fit into our rule understanding of achievement. According to Gladwell, great men and women are made from having success with ability, opportunities to decease successful with 10,000 of practice, IQ not being the only thing needed, and that everything have sexs down to generation, family history, and demographics of society. Gladwell is able to support them and give great examples on how things work out with a persons life. The Matthew Effect examines opportunity as a function of timing. Canadian hockey players born closer to the magic birthday of January 1 reap advantages that compound over time.Com shake off to subscribeherer programmers Bill Joy and Bill Gates, both born in the 1950s, have taken advantage of the relative-age effect to become industry giants in the 1980s. Gladwell claims that Mozart and the Beatles are not so much innate musical prodigies but grinders who thrived only after 10,000 hours of practice. Roughly, ten days is how dour it takes to put in ten thousand hours of hard practice and hard work. Both Bill Joy and Bill Gates had access to unlimited time utilization on a computer at essentially the beginni ng of the modern industry and before anyone else. To become a chess grandmaster also run acrossms to take well-nigh ten years (41). This chapter makes a fascinating point that genius is a function of time and not giftedness. With this in sagaciousness we can observe that with hard work and a divvy up of time we can all become successful. Readers can draw a conclusion that maybe with chance and a lot of hard work and hours of practicing we can become successful at a specific task. As we continually read into Gladwells book we can see how some(prenominal) different famous people he has found that have had to put in many hours of hard work to achieve great success.We can also now observe that with hard work and a lot of time we can all become successful. Even the greatest people had to put in many long hours before they ever became famous. Gladwell then talks about Langen, whose IQ is one of the eminentest in recorded history, yet has an extremely high failing rate in perspective to a personal life. Professor Robert Oppenheimer, on the other hand ascended to work on the Manhattan Project while he was in graduate school. He had tried to poison his adviser.The difference is shown to result from an astonishing lack of charisma, which is a spiritual power that gives an individual influence or authority over groups of people, and a sense of what others are thinking in Langen, and extreme person ability in Oppenheimer, which is said to show that success is not a function of hard work or even genius but more of likability and the ability to empathize. Being able to be a kindly person is a particularor of life that will never be useless. Many people who have likeable personalities will most in all probability get you further in life.No one wants to do something for someone who is miserable and unhappy, but yet they will be more willing to do it for someone who is grateful and presence is enjoyable. Someone who is able to empathize is able to take into considerati on other peoples feelings and works well with others. A successful person is someone who is able to do many different tasks and always take in criticism. Being a person who is successful is not easy, but if you are willing to work for something you can always obtain successWe can tie this all together and become a successful person in the eyeball of Gladwell.Having a high IQ is not the only thing needed, intellect is important to become successful but there are so many more important factors first. Family background does play a major role, because if you come from a wealthier family you have quicker and easier access to helpful important things. Looking at things that impacted Joe Floms life we are able to see that even the smallest things can make a person an outlier within our society. Once again it can come down to something as small as what year you were born in as to what your parents do for a living.I think that being at a sure place at a certain time can change your whole orbit but most of the time we dont realize that it changed our lives until a long time afterwards. Gladwell was talking about how those born between 1912 and 1917 were demographically at an advantage compared to those who were born between 1903 and 1911. He writesThe explanation has to do with two of the great destructive events of the twentieth century the Great Depression and World War II. If you were born after 1912.Those born in the later group would have graduated college during 1912 say in 1915 you got out of college after the Depression was over, and you were drafted at a young enough age that going away to war for three of four years was as much an opportunity as it was a disruption. The termites born before 1911, though, graduated from college at the height of the Depression, when job opportunities were scarce, and they were already in their late thirty-something when the second World War hit, meaning that when they were drafted, they had to disrupt careers and families and adult lives that were already well under way. 131-132) Those born in the first group would most likely already have started families and their whole lives would have been disrupted when they were called up by the draft for World War II. Those in the second group were born at a demographical advantage. To compare, look at when the World Trade Centers were hit and collapsed. I was only in 8th grade and had a limited understanding of the world around me.My parents on the other hand were older and knew immediately that life would never be the same. Since then all the tight restrictions on things are normal for me while my parents remember a world where things werent so restricted. You were able to bring liquids with you on a plane and not have to worry about a terrorist threat. The whole world changed, in a sense we could be demographically at an advantage because the way the world is today is the only way that we know the world.In conclusion, temper and ambition were not enough, but had to be coupled with origins in a Jewish culture in which hard work and ingenuity were encouraged, and in fact a necessary part of life. Having to scrabble in a firm cobbled together out of necessity because white-shoe law firms did not hire Jews, gave the partners an grotesque and timely expertise. Floms firm decided it had to take hostile takeover cases when no one else would, and that turned Flom and his partners into experts in a kind of legal practice exclusively beginning to boom when they hit their stride.Gladwells discussion influences my thinking because it made me more aware of how family setting at home can affect our rising more than what we might think. Also, it showed me that just because a person might have a 100 IQ compared to an IQ of 190 does not mean that the demean IQ person is stupid it just shows they lack skills in that particular area, they might be able to have a more creative mind than someone with a high IQ. Practice isnt the thing you do once yo ure good. Its the thing you do that makes you good (70).

Essay on Prison Architecture

Shawn Connell Professor Blomquist Writing 101-15 4/16/12 Prison Architecture W every last(predicate)ace Stegner once said, Nothing in our history has bound us to a plot of ground since feudalism once bound Europeans (Stegner 301). The only exception is being im prisoned. For those who brake societys set laws, Prisons and their many variants atomic number 18 reinforced environments whose intended purpose is punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation (Awofeso). Prisons began to be more widely used because the early Catholic Church disapproved of physical punishments.In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII current that incarceration and lack of liberty will take the place of the eye for an eye way of demeanor of settling disputes previously employed (Awofeso). Today, decorators ar still debating what the better way to design a prison and punish guilty people is. Architects and theorists many differing morals such as how cruel one posterior work an inmate, can influence their opinions of prisoner treatment and rehabilitation driving their designs to be unique, often having varying nix psychological personal puts on their inmates.Jeremy Benthem, a theorist, had sketched preferably a harsh prison concept in 1781 called the Panopticon. He believed prisons should be a hammer of strict fudge factor. His structure allowed one guard to watch all the prisoners without them knowing when they were being watched. The mental uncertainty implicit in prisoners non knowing when they are being watched was promoted as a crucial instrument of discipline (Awofeso). The prisoners were to eat no contact with any other inmates. The prisoner is seen, but he does not see he is the object of information, neer a cause in communication (Foucault 226).Without being able to talk to one another, the inmates could not discuss their crimes and get encouragement to repeat them. There also exists no outlook of a planned rebellion or escape, making it only necessary to break one guard. Benthem believes to truly punish the perpetrators their authority and dignity must be undermined. They must be stripped of any power or worth they have. They are to constantly live without knowing when they are being watched, which would translate aft(prenominal) they are released. The prisoners would be so used to acting as though they were being examined and possibly become better people outside the prison.Benthems Panopticon was never directly erected so the effects on prisoners are unknown. However, through Craig Haneys studies of other prisons, one can be sure Panopticism would have had adverse effects on those incarcerated there. Being watched constantly, Haney believes prisoners may, labor at both an emotional and behavioral level to develop a prison masquerade costume that is unrevealing and impenetrable many for whom the mask becomes especially thick andthey find themselves disincentive against engaging in open communication with others and leads them to withdr awal from authentic social interactions altogether (Haney).Panopticicsm would dull inmates to a headspring of no emotions. They would become accustomed to the paranoia of being seen so they hide their feelings and actions. And since they would have no contact with any other person, they could stomach all communication skills. In at onces society, the Panopticons form of punishment may be dubbed by the Contituation as cruel and unusual punishment. In contrast, John Haviland designed The east State Penitentiary in 1821.The design was based off of the values of the Philadelphia Society for in alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons of correctional clear up and social estimableice (easterly State Penitentiary) with a purpose to bring inmates to god and a righteous way of life. Many leaders believe that crime is the result of environment, and that solitude will make the venomous regretful and penitent (Eastern State Penitentiary). The designer utilized unique architectural deta ils to enhance the unearthly atmosphere to encourage this regret.He incorporated components of famous religious architecture such as the immense churches built in the era of grand Gothic and Romanesque cathedrals to enforce the idea that god is almighty and constantly watching. Their take to was to have the prisoners repent their crimes and embrace a new life of innocence. Haviland factored in a religious element into almost every detail of the structure. The facade is fitted with lancet windows and stained glass. The entrances to the cells are small and short, forcing the new inmate to bow his or her head to enter.Inside the cells themselves, the sole form of light is a skylight representing the light of beau ideal or the all seeing eye of God. This system attempts to spiritually cleanse the new comer or in other words, the approach to the prison is a realization of ones sins, the entrance into the cell is an act of submission, and the time spent in the cell is the beginning of a new life of holiness. The prisoners of Eastern State Penitentiary were not permitted to have contact with anyone, not even the guards.The inmates were meant to not even know where they were and were often masked when entering the building and their dwelling. Wendell cull once stated If you dont know where you are, you dont know who you are (Stegner 299). This was meant to allow the prisoners to have a fresh start and a new beginning to become a new and improved human being. Haviland wished to truly improve the lives of the individual prisoners and society at large in a way he thought was philanthropic. Although Havilands intentions seemed benign, studies show that isolation can be one of the cruelest forms of punishment.In fact, there are few if any forms of imprisonment that reveal so many indices of psychological trauma and symptoms of psychopathology in those persons subjected to isolation (Haney). With a lack of communication with others, many may develop emotional flatness that becomes chronic and debilitating in social interaction and relationships, and find that they have created a permanent and unbridgeable distance between themselves and other people (Haney). There is quite a list of possible negative psychological effects including clinical depression, paranoia, rage, helplessness, violence, and cognitive dysfunction to name a few (Haney).If Haviland knew of these side effects, maybe he would have designed the Eastern State Penitentiary differently. Today, the average United States prison is quite different than the ideas of Haviland and Benthem. The prisons are known to have many negative trends. They usually tend to be very over crowded with two or more prisoners sharing a cell with men or women they have never met before living in close quarters with often one toilet in a cell with no privacy. Most are subjected to extreme violence and intimidation from both other inmates and often overworked staff.Many prisoners live in constant concern th at they will be harmed physically or mentally by their peers. This type of prison system is not very effective. Few people are completely unchanged or unscathed by the hold up and suffer long-term consequences from having been subjected to pain, deprivation, and extremely atypical patterns and norms of living and interacting with others (Haney). Many cannot re-adjust to approach pattern life outside prison where every activity and meal is organized for them. whatever ontinue to be violent or paranoid that violence will be done unto them. Therefore, some designers have unique ideas to counter these negative effects care Josef Hohensinn. Josef Hohensinn believes the prison system should be changed. He believes The more formula a life you give them in prison, the less necessary it is to resocialize them when they leave (Lewis). So, he created a resort-like prison in Leoben, Austria. His structure features floor to ceiling windows, full kitchens, and balconies.It is still secure it is in a completely isolated area, the glass is all shatterproof, and the balconies all have bars. In Hohensinns opinion, prisons are merely a place to hold captives for a period of time. The inner workings of more common prisons are not natural and cause criminals to become possibly more dangerous by stripping them of their dignity, often abusing them, and making them slowly forget how to live a normal life. About 67 percent of the prisoners who are released are arrested again within three years (Lewis) in a normal prison.Hohensinn believes its just an big-ticket(prenominal) way of making bad people worse (Lewis). Above the door of his building, there is a quote that reads All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treat with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person (Lewis). His type of prison is very controversial. It was erected only eight years ago so the effect on inmates and the return rate are still unknown, however in comparison to the Pan opticon and Eastern State, Leoben should have no negative effects on prisoners mental health.Craig Haney says There is little or no evidence that prison systems across the country have responded in a meaningful way to these psychological issues, either in the course of confinement or at the time of release, so Hohensinn is one of the first (Haney). The inmates at Leoben are permitted to have normal contact with others eliminating any social problems that may occur from solitary confinement. They are also allowed to cook and eat when and what they choose. Prisoners typically are denied their basic privacy rights, and lose control over mundane aspects of their existence that most citizens have long taken for granted which can be the most damaging (Haney). The scheduled life style employed by common American prisons causes inmates to be unaware how to run their lives when they return home. But with Hohensinns design, they maintain a normal life, just in another place away from society for a while. While many may not find his prison a true form of punishment, it stands to be the best way to date of how to treat inmates so they have less of a need to readjust to normal life in society.Architecture can reveal so much about how a society or person wishes to discipline and rehabilitate law breakers (Awofeso). There are few laws and regulations dealing with architecture of prisons in particular, therefore the architect has significant freedom to design a facility he or she sees as fit and productive. All plan to benefit society even if it is through very different ways. While some wish to punish cruelly like Jeremy Benthem, others wish to reform and improve the lives of these criminals. Both ways can be effective.If prisoners are punished cruelly, they may be too intimidated to commit another crime for fear of being imprisoned again. But if they are reformed, they may have the understanding of why the crime should not be committed in the first place. The theories are s till unproven so there exists no right way to construct a facility. It remains up to the governing officials to approve and fund the architects designs and set them into action. Possibly in the future there will be a set way the world treats those who disobey the law, but todays designs and the designs of the past remain up to the unique individuals who create them.

What Are the Most Important Tools and Technologies for Safeguarding Information Resources?

3. What are the components of an organizational framework for security and control? Firms need to strand a good set of both general and application controls for their cultivation systems. A risk assessment evaluates information assets, identifies control points and control weaknesses, and determines the most cost-effective set of controls. Firms must also develop a coherent corporate security policy and plans for continuing business operations in the event of calamity or disruption.The security policy includes polices for acceptable use and identity management. Comprehensive and systematic MIS auditing helps organizations determine the effectiveness of security and controls for their information systems. 4. What are the most big tools and technologies for safeguarding information resources? Firewalls prevent unauthorized users from openinging a private network when it is linked to the Internet. Intrusion detection systems monitor private networks from suspicious network traffic and attempts to access corporate systems.Passwords, tokens, smart cards, and biometric authentication are used to authenticate systems users. Antivirus software checks computer systems for infections by viruses and worms and often eliminates the malicious software, while antispyware software combats intrusive and counterproductive spyware programs. Encryption, the coding and scrambling of messages, is a widely used technology for securing electronic transmissions over unprotected networks.Digital certificates combined with public key encryption provide further guard of electronic transactions by authenticating a users identity. Companies can use fault-tolerant computer systems or create high-availability computing environments to make sure that their information systems are always available. Use of software metrics and rigorous software testing help improve software quality and reliability.

Katherine Mansfield A Cup of Tea Essay

I re solelyy like A cupful of Tea a lot. It, among different things, does a brilliant job of depicting matrimonial jealousy and insecurity. Our subscribe character is a very wealthy young fair sex, Rosemary, seemingly recently married. Her cadence is largely taken up with looking for looks to spend money. As the story opens she has just bought a small niche in an exquisite shop, the cost is round six months pay for an ordinary working man of the time Rosemary has been reading Dostoevsky lately and when she is approached by a very bedraggled looking young woman asking for the price of a cup of tea she is at first effectuate off alone then she decides to have a bit of an adventure. She invites the girl to come home with her.The girl is so sharp-set she overcomes her fear at talking with well-nighone so far above her station in tone and agrees to go with Rosemary. So Rosemary takes her home feeling a triumph as she nets a unforesightful captive. Its evident that Rosemary is just playing with a prey like a retch does.Now, I got you. Rosemary is longing to be generous and is going to prove that as Mansfield writes wonderful things do happen in life, in the life of the upper class, to which Rosemary is a fine example, and it seems that the only things she cares about are her feelings and amusement. After they arrive at the house the action starts in Rosemarys bedroom.Mansfield is act to underline Rosemarys status the fire leaping on her wonderful lacquer article of furniture, gold cushions all these things dazed the forgetful girl. Rosemary on her part was very relaxed and gay she lit a cigarette instead of taking proper care of Miss Smith. By the way her concern is not even mentioned yet, like its of no importance at all. We can come about the girl on the brink of the psychological despair. Rosemary cant face the reality the poor as it is Rosemary Fell sees everything in rose-coloured spectacles, through the filter of the upper class society.And it looks if not wacky then quite an sad. But after the marvelous meal our creature transforms into something undeniably attractive thin creature, a kind of sweet languor. And for Rosemary its high time to begin. Instead of asking her name or other decent question Rosemarys firstly was interested in her meal, it is quite impolite. The Philip enters, smiling his charming smile and asks his wife to come in to the library. He requires explanations from his wife, learning that the girl is as Rosemary says a real pick up that Rosemary wanted to be nice to her. Philip guesses what is all about shows his remonstrance against the idea it simply cant be done. And then he uses his sober artillery calls miss Smith so astonishingly pretty.He knows it will do some harm to his wife. These words immediately heat jealousy in Rosemarys veins up. Pretty? Do you think that? and she could back up blushing. Shes absolutely lovely Rosemary looses her temper. She recollects his words over and over. And all leads to the phrasal idiom Miss Smith wont dine with us tonight. Rosemary is eager to adjudge her husbands attention. Rosemary seems to be so distant from poverty but on the other hand she doesnt have anything really valuable, like a basement to lead such first-class life in this world no taste, no wish to see the world in the raw, sometimes no manners, and perhaps even no prettiness.Thats why she is trying to have things and do things which would help to retain the status like knowing more about the poor and having beautiful things to be associated with. To put in a nutshell the story is reach in different stylistic devices and I think conveys a distinct and valuable message. The story, A Cup of Tea tells us how nation show generosity to people whom they consider their inferior. People do so partly to show off their superiority to the poorer beings. Generosity in most cases is only to satisfy ones ego. The story shows how generosity and benevolence evaporates when the object of disgrace goes against ones self interest, ego and vanity.

Food Contamination Essay

IntroductionWhen victuals is unsafe for consumption is called solid nutrition contamination. nutriment contamination occurs when nutrients atomic number 18 spoiled because they might contain microorganisms, such as bacterium , parasites, or virulent substances that make them unsafe for consumption.Bacteria and parasites on uncooked food washbowl linger on the food if not dole out or cooked properly. diet contamination is serious because it consequences in diseases that affect appromiaxally seventy-six million state in the United States, 300,000 leading hospitalizations and an estimate of 5,000 deaths yearly. Signs you should look for when begrime food is consumed like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal, cramping, and fever. While food poisoning is often caused by bacteria, it usher out also result from eating poisonousplants al well-nigh mushrooms for font and animals pufferfish. Every year more than 76 million people get sick from food poisoning, curiously during the summer when food may not be kept cold enough to stop bacteria from growing. when contaminated food is consumed it can last about 2 days. When Hands are not purify in between foods like meat to vegetables. Raw meat has many bacteria on its egress and when hands touch it and then it touches the vegetables your hands are transferring the bacteria to the vegetables. since people normally dont cook vegetable like lettuce and carrots they are eating all the bacteria and viruses that is on the vegetable surface. pollute food can be cause by the environment because pesticides, heavy metals, and other chemical agents can enter the food supply. there are many chances for food to become contaminated as it is produced and distributed to markets and resturant salmonella, E. Coli, shigella, campylobacter, and botulism are some common types of bacteria that can contaminate foods. Salmonellae is virtuallyly found in the intestinal parcel of land of animals.. salmonellae occurs most often i n institutions like child safekeeping centers and nursing crustal plates. Shigella occur in the gastrointestinal tract of men.What can cause Campylobacter is handling raw food poorly and eating raw poultry meat. Campylobacter has the firstly cause of diarrheal unwellness in the United States.a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin this is called Botulism which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. A major cause of food borne illnesses is Escherichia coli. E. Coli resides in intestines and these are harmless.Chapter One Social life ImpactWhen people cross path with food contamination they get effect with bacteria and viruses that the body cant fight off causation them to become sick. Food poisoning last at least 2 days and people hand over job to attend but they cant because the are to sick to work. each day they are sick they are losing money and can not take care of their families. Resturants get affect by food contamination because they can possibly lose costumer or even shut down.AnAmericans home is the most likely place where that person will suffer the effects of food contamination although restaurants generate more headlines and more patronage for most people.the growth of certain bacteria, and is a concern of the business as well as the consumer. A single case of food poisoning can instantly cause a restaurant to no longer exist. To prevent contamination which might result in illness, chopping boards should be sanitized thoroughly and frequently. The employees hands should also be washed regularly. It is acceptable to handle raw food with bare hands, however with cooked or ready to eat food disposable gloves or other utensils such as spoons, spatulas, or tongs should be used. Latex gloves should be changed at least once every hour or if they become torn or contaminated. It is never acceptable to use gloves after they have been removed once (Public Health).Chapter Two Environment ImpactThe enviroment can play a major part on food contamination simply because of the animal living condition. When animals are tanning there fecal matter can be crossed contaminated with the meat causing contaminated poultry.Contaminated water that contains animal manure and human sewage can cause fresh fruits and vegetables to be contaminated. Food processing is also possible to contaminate from infected food handlers. Poor hygiene in the home can also be a factor of many bacteria on raw food.Amongthe most serious food-borne diseases is Salmonella enteriditis, usually found in raw and undercooked eggs and which can cause death from salmonellosis. Salmonella is mostly to be considered the chief among the microbiological threats from the food supply. Symptoms include nausea, fever, headache, abdominal pain and vomiting but carefulChapter deuce-ace Economic ImpactFarmers are losing money when they are producing contaminated product. Restaurants and food market will not buy there products because they are contam inated. If restaurants buy contaminated food they lose money in dickens way. one way is they buying food products that are contaminated and they cant use them the morsel way is if they use the contaminated food people can get food posioning and can stake the business by the lose of costumers and possible chance of the restaurant shutting down.People are rediscovering the benets of buying local anaesthetic food. It is good for your local economy because buying directly from family farmers in your area helps them stay in business.There are between 20 million and 40 million reported cases of food contamination annually in this country with the cost in medical bills, lost wages and product recalls as high as $10 billion, according to federal estimates caused by the microbial contamination of such foods as poultry, eggs, dairy and seafood. economic impact of food poisoning is substantial. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that food poisoning be the Unit ed States between 5 and 6 billion dollars annually in direct medical care and lost productivity theRefrenceshttp//www.diet.com/g/food-contamination http//www.emedicinehealth.com/food_poisoning/page3_em.htmFood%20Poisoning%20Symptoms http//www.vanderbilt.edu/ans/psychology/health_psychology/types.htm

Continuing Personal Development Essay

For years, the only authority to format HTML in a visually appealing way was to part tables. As the weathervane evolved, designers wanted to do more(prenominal) than than just display text, they wanted to copy printed documents. This was shame through CSS or cascading bolt sheets. With this, designers atomic number 18 able to break in content from presentation, and gain more precise control over layout. Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, allow you to modify properties of existing HTML elements. With panache sheets you strike increased flexibility and the capability to add several attri providedes that be not available with rule HTML.The word cascading applies to a hierarchy of importance in that the user has the highest level of control. By applying a user-selected style sheet, the user has complete control over the styles of the web rascal. This is an accessibility benefit. People bottom view web pages in any browser that they choose, and they feces manipulate it as mu ch as they like. Using CSS to your utility One of the primary benefits of CSS is that it allows authors to separate content from its presentation. The content can be presented with any combination of styles, but the content itself will remain unchanged.With style sheets, you have greater control over layout than you do with tables. You can change the linear layout of a page without altering its visual layout. Linear layout refers to the order of elements in a web page when all styles and formatting are removed. One of the nice things about style sheets is that you dont have to alter the visual formatting of a web page when you alter the linearized reading material order. This can be useful when you want to make sure that screen reader users access the page content in a original order. CSS PitfallsIt is almosttimes tempting to take advantage of the wide-ranging capabilities of CSS to broadcast meaning. This is one of the about dangerous pitfalls of CSS-based design. For example , different colors of text could be used to separate genuine words into different categories. In a feel, this sort of visual categorization technique provides visual cues that are garterful to readers. Not everyone has full visual capabilities though. Individuals with low vision, blindness, or color blindness or those that use old browsers and monochrome devices may or may not be able to make sense of the breeding if it is presented this way.This is the same with the use of meaningful background images. Since background images cannot have alternative text explicitly associated with them, there is potential for abuse, or at least negligence, in terms of ensuring accessibility. some of the strengths of style sheets are also weaknesses. For example, the ability to change the linearized reading order of your content without changing the visual layout can flatus to some wonderful accessibility solutions, but it can also create a huge mess. counterbalance though it is possible to pr esent the content to screen reader users in any conceivable order, most of the times, the more experimental design, the more likely it will confuse users. It is interesting to note that when you use CSS, you have to accept the fact that your content will not look right in some browsers. Some may not even prevail CSS at all. (Creating accessible CSS. Web Accessibility in Mind. ) response The article from WebAIM is a good head start to learn more about CSS.It presents an overview of Cascading Style Sheets to help the readers get a grasp of how it was created and how it evolved as an answer to a changing need to have more flexibility in HTML. It provides a detailed yet highly comprehensible approach to CSS the basics of it and the certain issues it entails. CSS is indeed a creative way to enhance our ability to manipulate web pages and relay information over the internet. WebAIM also presents the advantages and disadvantages of CSS in a concise manner. CSS has gained popularity becau se of its many advantages.The article emphasizes the value of how you can separate the content from presentation. In a time when both content and presentation are important in order to effectively communicate the message to the viewers, it is especially important that a demarcation between the deuce be made. Being able to change one while not sacrificing the another(prenominal), is a good connect that CSS has brought to HTML. CSS improves the ease of changing tags and styles while also being efficient with its process. However, useful as it is, CSS has also some disadvantages. The rather lenient way of manipulating styles may also be subject to abuse.More confusion can be made if improper and abusive use of style variation is done. Careful thought must(prenominal) be ensured when creating web pages so as to convey messages clearly and effectively. Like in any other fallible structures, it is important to be cautious of any mistakes that might be done, paying closer financial aid to detail and the efficiency of the method or style used. Moreover, one must understand that although browser support issues are inevitable, there are some strategies to manage this. Bibliography Creating accessible CSS. Web Accessibility in Mind.

Architecture and memory

Throughout history, states exhaust sought to exhibit societal shop of their past accomplishments whilst conversely wipe outing the keeping of evildoings move during their development. These desirous contemplations of historic features get down been twain literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic narrations, which conservatively edify the events into clear word pictures of province triumph and victory.However, displacements in the discourse of twentieth-century political relations know given rise to the go of the victim within these narratives. The tralatitious nation-state is now answerable to an inter matter familiarity instead than itself a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and uph h iodinst-to-gods moral conditions. These provinces continue to build an individuality both in the past and present, a lone(prenominal) ar expected to admit their ain exclusions and accept blameworthiness for their old exploitations.In this new clime the traditional memorialization does non go disused, except alternatively evolves beyond a celebratory register, progressively citing the states evildoings and function as culprit. This progressive switch in attitude has given deliver to a new figure of commemoration the anti-monument. These modern-day commemorations abandon figurative casts in penchant of generalizationion. This spiritualist facilitates a dialogical relationship between spectator and capable whilst besides advancing ambivalency. Critically, this new typology allows the narration of the victim and culprit to entwine into a individual united signifier, a alleged move towards political damages.This strive analyses the tradition and features of historic memorials and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay surveies and inquiries abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, utilizing Peter Eisenmans narration to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite it s accomplishment as a piece public art, basically, it fails to execute its map of memorialization by its abstracted, equivocal signifier.Traditional memorials use nonliteral imagination to organize an intuitive connexion to the spectator. They use linguistic communication and iconography to suggest the work outer-on with the states regard perceptual do it of a important event in history. Throughout clip, these memorials have frequently outlasted the civilisations or political administrations who constructed them and as a consequence their undisputed specific narrative be starts unequivocal all memory of an alternate narration is lost with the pas bubble of informants who could remember the existent events. This has the negative effect of relieving the contemporary visitant of duty for the past and fails to suit the invariably altering and varied position of the spectator. In this regard, the permanency of the traditional memorial nowadayss an unaltercateable narrative which b ecomes an ready presence to the visitant, who is ever the receptive component.However, events of the 20th century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrociousness of the Holocaust altered commemorate pattern. Memorials were no weeklong militaristic and celebratory but alternatively acknowledged the offenses of the province against civilians. Interior inventioners were faced with the countless challenge of memorializing the most quintessential illustration of adult male s inhumaneness to adult male the Holocaust. An event so ruinous it prevented any effort to singularly enter the single victim. The new typology that emerged would subsequently be defined as the antimonument.The anti-monument aimed to chase away old memorial convention by prefering a dialogical signifier over the traditional didactic memorial. This new memorial typology avoided actual representation through nonliteral look and written word in favour of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the spectator to now go the active component and the memorial to go the receptive component a role-reversal that allowed the visitant to convey their ain interlingual rendition to the commemoration. jam E Young commented that the affair of these commemorations is non to comfort but to arouse non to stay fixed but to alter non to be everlasting but to vanish non to be ignored by passersby but to take aim interaction non to stay pristine but to ask for its ain misdemeanor and desanctification non to accept gracefully the encumbrance of memory but to throw it back at the town s pess. In this manner, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument Acts of the Apostless receptively to history, clip and memory. He besides states Given the inevitable assortment of viing memories, we whitethorn never really portion a common memory at these state of affairss but more(prenominal)over the common topographical point of memory, where each of us is invited to retrieve in our ain ma nner. The anti-monument facilitates the on-going activity of memory and allows the visitant to act to the current agonies of today in visible radiation of a remembered yesteryear. It is this point that basically determines the of import and incumbent dialogical character of all modern Holocaust commemorations.Consequently, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a declaration to gain ground a commemoration to the murdered Jews of Europe. This commemoration intended to honour the murdered victims and keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history. An unfastened competition selected Ameri potentiometer, Peter Eisenman as the winning designer, who proposed an expansive work of 2,711 stelae and the Ort , a auxiliary teaching Centre. The commemoration is non merely important for its intents of memory, but besides represents the first national memorial to the Holocaust to be constructed with fiscal and political support from the German Federal State.The situation of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by slightly, as the site has no old intension with the Holocaust or Nazism, but alternatively was a former no-mans land in the decease strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorating power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its arrangement lies within its integrating into Berlin s urban kingdom. The edge stead of the memorial nowadayss a natural passage between the stelae and the paving. The land plane and first stelae sit florescence to each other before bit by bit lifting and recessing into two separate informations that create a zone of uncertainness between. The commemoration does non admit the specificity of the site and the deficiency of cardinal focal point intends to deliberate the ambient nature of victims and culprits in the metropolis of Berlin.Within the stelae each visitant senses the memory of the victims somatically by sing beliefs of claustrophobia, uneasiness and freak out within the narrow paseos and graduated table of the memorial. It was non Peter Eisenman s purpose to emulate the restrictive status of a decease cantonment, but alternatively, to promote the somebodyal contemplation of the person in their function of transporting memory in the present. In this memorial there is no end, no terminal, no working one s manner in or out. The continuance of an person s experience of it grants no distantther apprehension, since apprehension is impossible. The clip of the memorial, its continuance from top surface to land, is disjoined from the clip of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the yesteryear, merely the living memory of the single experience. Here, we can merely cognize the past through its manifestation in the present. In this sense, each visitant is invited to see the absence seizure created by the Holocaust and in bend, each feels and fills such a nothingness. It can non be argued that this material action with absence is non powerful nevertheless, in most cases the feeling becomes passing. Each visitant walks precariously around the commemoration, hesitate for idea and expecting the following corner. They are forced to alter gait and way un impartingly and face the changeless menace of hit at every bend and intersection of the looming stelae. It is this status, in my sen snipnt, that instills the feeling of menace and queasiness into most visitants as opposed to the perceived connexion between themselves and the victims.The commemoration does non give any infinite for assemblages of people and therefore inhibits any ceremonial usage in the act of memory. The aggregation of stelae is evocative of the graveyards of Judaical ghettos in Europe where due to infinite restraints gravestones are piled high and crowded together at opposite angles. Some visitants treat the commemoration as a graveyard, walking easy and mutely, before halting and layering flowers or tapers at the side of a stele. T he presence of these drab grievers and their objects of recollection are one of the lone indexs that clear place the stelae field as a commemoration. However, the objects discarded at the commemoration are ever removed by the staff, proposing the memorial be experienced in its intended signifier a relationship more kindred to public art instead than that of a commemoration.In Eisenman s sentiment, the commemoration is symbolic of a apparently stiff and apprehensible system of jurisprudence and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitant experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they one time perceived as rational and negotiable from the exterior. The trade union movement manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational football field, and its potency for rotting in clip. It suggests that when a purportedly rational and ordered system grows excessively big and out of correspondence to its intended intent, it in fact loses touch with human ground. It so begins to uncover the innate perturbations and potency for snake pit in all systems of looking order, the thought that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to neglect. Through abstraction, the memorial efforts to admit both the victims and culprits in a individual, incorporate signifier. The regular grid of the memorial and its delusory portraiture of reason acknowledge the culprits of the offense the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble gravestones in a graveyard, allowing the victims a marker for their life, a marker antecedently denied to them by a Nazi government who aimed to wipe out all memory of their cosmos.Eisenman s commemoration is concerned with how the yesteryear is manifested in the present. His social function lies non with the murdered Jews the commemoration aims to mark, but alternatively, how the contemporary visitant can associate to those victims. In this regard, the memorial licenses recollection displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote The memory of the Holocaust can neer be one of nostalgia. The Holocaust can non be remembered in the nostalgic manner, as its horror everlastingly ruptured the nexus between nostalgia and memory. The memorial efforts to show a new thought of memory as distinguishable from nostalgia. The field of stelae does non show a nostalgic remembrance of Judaic life before the holocaust neither does it try to encapsulate the events of the race murder. Alternatively, the memorial connects with the visitant through a material battle that facilitates an single response to memory.The stelae have the consequence of fashioning a ghostly atmosphere as the sounds of the environing streets and metropolis are deadened, overstating the visitant s uncomfortableness. However, the atmosphere is softheaded by the cheering, laughter and conversation of visitants lost in the stelae looking for one an other. In pronounced contrast, the subsurface information Centre has the consequence of hushing its dwellers. The exhibition provides a actual representation of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust, pedagogically exposing the vesture, letters and private properties of a smattering of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a topographic point of information so that the stelae field would go the sole and unequivocal experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion.It is my sentiment that The Ort or information Centre has become the important topographic point of memory and memorialization despite being at the same time downplayed by the designer and German province. The little edifice is located belowground and accessed via a narrow stairway amongst the stelae. As with the commemoration as a whole, there is no recognition of its being or map, and as a consequence must be discovered through roving. It performs memorialization far more succes sfully than the stelae field by bring forthing an emotional response from the visitant. In the exhibition, the hurt of the visitant is evident as they walk around solemnly, the world of the holocaust going perceptible. The acoustic presence of cheering and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shouting in the stelae above. The exhibition features infinites where the lifes of victims are do hearable, explicating the sequence of events that led to their deceases. In these suites the smallest inside informations of the victims forgotten lives are told in a heavy voice which instantly gives substance to the person and corporate loss. The visitant s injury is perceptible here as the impossible statistics are non portrayed as abstract representations, but alternatively are actual and personified. It is the lone subdivision of the commemoration where the holocaust is explicitly present where visitants are non removed from the horrors but alternatively confronted with them.At stre et degree, the commemoration has no marks or indexs to its intent and the stelae present no carving or lettering. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of doing the commemoration a relaxed and convenient topographic point to be. The memorial has transcended the theory that commemorations command regard by their mere being, with the site going a portion of mundane life for Berliners as a topographic point of leisure. some stumble on the commemoration as an empty labyrinth, a kids s resort area where people walk across the stelae, leaping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an inherent skill to demo regard and a desire to fulfill a self-generated demand to play. The commemoration s aspiration is to enable every visitant to make their ain decision and determine an single experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a withdrawal between the person and the commemoration s elementary map of memorialization. The theoretical narration of the stelae field is an highly complex and powerful thought, nevertheless the equivocal, absent design fails to let the visitant to truly relate to the victims or derive an apprehension of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its uniqueness, the abstract stelae field fails to mark, alternatively being dependant on the didactic attack of the information Centre to let the visitant to associate to the holocaust and its victims.When measuring the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote It has become progressively evident that no design for a Berlin commemoration to retrieve the 1000000s of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will of all time turn out adequate to the huge symbolic weight it must transport, as legion designs have been considered and discarded. Possibly the best class at this point would be to go forth the site of the proposed commemoration at the bosom of Berlin and of Germany empty Possibly this attack would hold finally become more pertinent. How does one design a memorial in memory of an event so impossible that in some manner doesnt have the inauspicious affect of doing it more toothsome? Possibly, as Archigram frequently insisted, the solution may non be a edifice. The absence of a memorial delegates the duty of memorialization to the person who as carriers of memory, come to symbolize the absent memorial.The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe is an challenging and alone position on cognitive memory that doubtless has advanced the development of the antimonument, puting a new case in point in memorial architecture. However, the commemoration s effectivity is basically undermined by the premise that all visitants are cognizant, and will go on to be cognizant of the specific events of the holocaust. For illustration, how will a 2nd or tertiary coevals s reading differ from that of a subsister who visits the memorial today ? Its absent, equivocal signifier fails to contextualize the commemoration without the concomitant of explicit, actual representations presented individually within the Information Centre. It is for this ground that the memorial apparently becomes a victim of its ain impossibleness.BibliographyRauterberg, Hanno. Holocaust Memorial Berlin. ( Lars Muller Publishers ) 2005.Young, James E. The Art of Memory Holocaust Memorials in History. ( Prestel ) 1994.Heathcote, Edwin. Monument Builders Modern Architecture and Death. ( Academy Editions ) 1999.Williams, Paul. Memorial Museums The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities. ( Berg ) 2007.Young, James E. The Texture of Memory Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. ( New Haven ) 1993.Boym, Svetlana. The Future of Nostalgia. ( Basic Books ) 2001.Zion, Brigitte. Experience and Remembrance at Berlin. ( New York ) 2007.Choay, Francoise. The Invention of the Historic Monument. ( Cambridge University Press ) 2001.Eisenman, Peter. Notations of Affect. An Architecture of memory ( Pathos, Affekt, Gef & A uuml hectoliter ) 2004.hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/germans/memorial/eisenman.html Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Project Text. 2005.PhotographsMagnuson, Eric. Pathways. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.flickr.com/photos/esm723/3754775324 ) 2009.Ndesh. Platform Games. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.flickr.com/photos/ndesh/3754009233/in/photostream ) 2009.Ward, Matt. Flowers. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.flickr.com/photos/mattward/3472587863 ) 2009.

Post Positivist Approach

Post positivist approach is a metatheoretical stance philosophically rooted in positivism. Whereas positivists believe in the existing reality apart from our sustain perception of it and the importance of observational observation as well as rock-solid general laws, extend positivists mete out some similarities with a softer, amended approach. Realist and the accessible constructionist are both taken as ontology by post positivist researchers in communication discipline.That is, it fag be true that post positivist researchers believe that in that respect is an empirical, unchallengeable reality independent of our perceptions, alone limitations like the confusedity of the reality and the biases of researchers still exist which causes our fractional understanding of the reality. Even though, by applying the mutiple measures and observation, post positivist believe researchers can enhance the objectivity and attain a more and more fully apprehended reality.At the same time, p ost positivists also have credence in multiple realities which can be constructed by social collectives through communicative interaction in relatively patterned ways and its effects should be regular and predictable which in turn reified social constructions. Thus, post positivists study regularities and patterns. Post positivist researchers in communication base their assumptions generally on the so-termed circumscribed objectivist which holds to the nonion that causal relationships for regularities observed in the social world is the center of the search for knowledge. Textbook, chpt3) Nevertheless, post positivists largely reject the value-free inquiry and the absolute authority of scientific method. Instead, post positivists believe that with careful and systematic trading operations as well as awareness of values, scholars can strive to be as unbiased as possible by using controls and statistical tests, insisting on replication, and so forth. (Textbook, chpt3) Therefore, post positivism does non equal to qualitative approach as many may assume. In fact, post positivists apply denary research methods largely to safeguard objectivity and to advance knowledge.Post positivist researchers consist that theories should try to reach beyond the observation level of individual events to attain the abstract quality with clear logical links to the empirical world. By operationally defining theoretical constructs, researchers can test the theoretical concepts with substitution of empirical indicators to blaspheme or falsify the theory. Moreover, post positivists hold to the three interlinked functions of theoriesexplanation, prediction, and control. That is, theories should first of all explain behaviour in a causal relationship manner.In addition, theories should be able to predict future behaviour in a patterned way due to the abstraction of a certain phenomenon. At the end, good theories also hand over information to control future events. Taking these f unctions into consideration, one can generate a set of criteria for evaluating and examine theories from a post positivist stance. (* is explained at the end) I would like to explore more on the complex mental decision making processes take ind in choosing to consume media (information-filtering-related theories) in this information age.I would imagine that discriminating scene theory and active savant theory* would be two comparable choices to explain questions in this field and may provide reasonable predictions and relative control on future events. Selective movie theory is accurate within its conceptual boundaries since many laboratory experiments have been conducted to test it so it is empirically testable. For example, in one study, when individual were placed in state of boredom, they selected arousing media messages and avoided relaxing fare to achieve an best level of arousal. ( Bryant, Zillmann, 1984).Selective exposure theory is consistent internally and external ly because there is no contradictory propositions or widely held theories in the relevant domain. It is parsimonious because it mainly directiones on emotional states. However, because of this, researches have been conducted mostly upon caprice management and selective exposure effects (first regulate emotion, then measure the media choice) which is not the real support situations. Thus, it is not in a very broad scope. In addition, in labs, participants only need to focus on limited choices but in the real world we face abundant media.In this case, selective exposure theory may have limited external validity. Nevertheless, this theory provide plausible explanations in media choosing and can somehow predict future behaviour (eg people use media to alleviate boredom and other contradict emotions) and also bring up future possible research questions (how about on positive wit other than negative? ). Therefore, in general, it is a better theory to choose other than the active pren tice theory because the latter one lack empirical tests and cannot rule out possible interventions.The active learner theory is a pseudo-theory I personally came up with rather than a really existing one. I can be totally/partially wrong or this can have been better explained by some mature theories. It is not even a theory but I still postulate to give it a try based on my understanding of this mental decision making process. I think the choice that one individual makes on media consumption can represent more than what it appears to be. It is not only a personal mood management process but also can involve social context and group judgment into it.As individual make choices, they can consciously or unconsciously go over the considerations of others feedback judgments and possible consequences aftermath. For example, if one has the instinctive drive to watch porn to maximize pleasure, in the lead making the final decision, (s)he may consider the possible feedback from roommates or parents or friends who may see his/her behaviour, accordingly quickly decide not to do so. People may gain this kind of thinking from preliminary learning from personal experience, peer talking or education.Or, imagine a group of girls surfing the profit in the same room, one may want to log onto Angel and read some articles but others are more interested in gossip and entertainment. Even though this girl has her own laptop computer and can choose what she wants to read but she doesnt want to be distinct or nerdy so she conforms. Thus, I name people as active learner, that is, we can quickly adjust our behaviour and adapt to situations virtually us through more complex mental procedures besides mood management process consciously and automatically.