Puc 1st Year Model Question Paper

SHREE SHIVASHANKARA SWAMY GOVT. P. U. COLLEGE-UTTANGI:DIST:BELLARY MID-TERM EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER NOVEMBER 2012 STD:PUC FIRST YEAR: SUB:ENGLISH: TOTAL MARKS: 90; DATE:26-11-2012 Q. NO I:Answer the following questions in a word or a phrase or a sentence each: 1X12=12 1)What was Steve crazy about? 2)Where did the bats live in large number? 3)Why did the narrator feel that his future was secure? 4)The animal without hands or legs refered to in the story‘The Rightful Inheriters Of the earth’is_______ a)Bat b)Cobra c)butterfly (choose the correct answer) 5)What was the formula given by Einstein for success? )How did the mother understand that her little daughter was dead in the church blast? 7)Who gave the cap to Steve? 8)In the poem ‘The Ballad Of Birmingham’,the girl wanted to go to _________(fill in the blank) 9)Who broke the silence in the poem ‘For Elkana’? 10)The logician referred to in the poem ‘For Elkana’ is__________. a)Th e mother b)The father c)The son (choose the correct answer) 11)Where did Steve see his lost cap? 12)How much did the cap fetch for the Diamonds at last? Q.NO ||: Answer any eight of the following choosing atleast two questions from the poetry in 80-100 words each: 13)What were the different attitudes of the mother and the daughter about the Freedom March? 4X8=32 14)Describe Einstein’s sense of humour. 15)How did the narrator’s wife try to kill the rats? What was the result of it? 16)Describe how Steve got the cap in the ball park. 17)Give two instances to explain Einstein’s absent mindedness? 18)How did the son become a binding force between the father and the mother in the poem ‘For Elkana’? 9)Why did Steve have to lose the cap again in the Hudsons’ house? 20)Describe the different interlopers into the narrator’s garden in the lesson ‘The Rightful Inheriters Of The Earth’. 21)Why did the little girl go to Einstein’ s house? How does this incident bring out Einstein’sgreatness? 22)What was the effect of Steve’s finding the cap? Q. NO|||:Answer the following in about 200 words: 6X1=6 23)How did the narrator’s wife try to kill the bats? Why was she not successful? OR Describe how Dave and Steve were re-united at the end of the story ‘A Cap For Steve’.OR ‘Einstein was not only a great scientist, but also a great human being’. Explain. Q. NO IV:Read the following passage and answer the questions set on it in a word /a phrase /a sentence each: 1X10=10 Alexander the Great is still considered as one of the greatest conquerors of the world. When Alexander was only 14 years old, he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus. Later, he rode this horse in all his battles. Alexander’s father, Philip, became the king of Macedonia in 359BC. But he was murdered. After him, Alexander became the King at the age of 20.Alexander had received the training of warfare from his father. The great philosopher Aristotle was his intellectual mentor. The young Alexander attacked the Persian Empire in about 334BC. He achieved great victories and then attacked Egypt and established a city called Alexandria at the mouth of the river Nile. When Alexander entered Asia Minor, he married a rich and beautiful princess, Roxana. He fought his last great battle with the brave Indian King, Porus. He won this battle with great difficulties. He liked the courage and pride of Porus.He returned the kingdom of Porus and became his close friend. Alexander died in June 323 BC in Babylon. 24)Name the wild horse that Alexander tamed? 25)Who was Alexander’s father? 26)At what age did Alexander become the king? 27)Who was the intellectual mentor of Alexander? 28)Alexander established a city on the bank of the river ____ a)the Ganga b)the Nile c)Amazon (choose the correct answer) 29)Name the city established by Alexander. 30)Whom did Alexander marry? 31)Name the Indian king who fought bravely against Alexander? 32)When did Alexander die? 3)Where did Alexander die? Q. NO. V:A)Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions given in the brackets: 1X6=6 34) Einstein never missed __ opportunity to learn __ others. Once __ little school girl who lived __ his neighbourhood approached him __ his assistence. __ girl went __ Einsteins house. (a, an, the, to, for, from, in) B)Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets: 1X6=6 35) Steve told his parents that he _ _ (be + play )baseball in the park. When he__ (run) the bases, the cap __(fall)off.It was still too big despite the tuck his mother_ _(have + take)in the band. So the next time he __ (come) to bat, he __ it in his pocket. C)Choose the correct form of the verb given in bracket. 36)Bats __ (is / are) not the souls of our ancestors. 37)Nobody __ (know / knows)the right answer. 38)Both of them __ (were / was) in the same place. 39)The boy __ (has / have) a demand. 40)The mother __ (race / races) through the streets of Birmingham. 41)You __ (will / shall) never know it. 42)Mahatma Gandhiji __ (was / is) the father of our nation. 43)Owl __ (am / is) not a vegetarian creature.D)44)Write a letter to the principal of your college requesting him to issue your transfer certificate. Show the following reasons for your request: Your father has been transfered; You have taken admission in another college. E)Correct the following sentences and rewrite them: 45)I am loving my mother. 46)She has took her pen 47)Sachin is a best player. 48)My brother and I am coming. 49)You are there, are you? 1X5=5 5 1X8=8 ——————————————— The End ————————————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€œ

Jewish interfaith marriages and its possible impact on Judaism Essay

In the Jewish world there is much concern and ambivalence over the effect of interfaith marriages – Jews marrying non-Jews. Those who are not familiar with their religion and customs may find it difficult to understand why such a dilemma exists in the modern world. A feeling that is not lost in younger generations of Jews. This has prompted many to seek answers whether the Jewish race is threatened by this new trend or will it result in something else. This paper will attempt to shed light on the common misconception that Jewish interfaith marriages (a.k. a. intermarriages) are eliminating Judaism in America. This is because some studies point to the opposite; the high rate of intermarriages can even reinforce Jewish identity – ethnic distinctiveness and Jewish culture – when the community, family and institutions welcome the intermarried couple into their midst. Most of the ideas and concepts that will be used here are taken from Calvin Goldscheider’s twin works an article entitled Are American Jews Vanishing Again? And a book entitled Studying the Jewish Future. Unless noted otherwise the proponent will liberally use Goldsheider’s point of view, which is acceptance of interfaith marriages as a positive force that is shaping modern day Judaism. In Context One generally accepted rule is to never marry a non-Jew. And this may perhaps explain the reason why even in the 21st century Jews can boast of an unbroken line that stretches even as far back to antiquity. It is this determination to survive against all odds that made them a unique people group. There are at least two major reasons why the Jews feel this way. First of all it is part of their religious beliefs that it is much better to marry fellow Jews than to be yoked with an unbeliever. This is also a practice rooted in practicality because it would be difficult for an outsider to follow all the complicated rules and rituals that a Jewish person should observed to maintain his or her status in the community. Secondly, the Jews are conscious of the fact that their people survived countless trials, tribulations and the test of time precisely because of their enduring belief that they should stick together. To fully understand their point of view one has to dig deep into their sacred books. The Jewish Bible, in the book of Yehoshua (Joshua), on the third chapter, one can see a list of ancient peoples that co-existed with the Jews and these are the: 1) Canaanites; 2) Hittites; 3) Hivites; 4; Perizzites, 5) Girgashites; 6) Amorites; and 7) Jebusites. One may try to look hard and scour the modern world; travel far and wide and still could not find any single trace of the aforementioned people groups. They are all gone. But the Jews remain. There is no need to elaborate upon the horrors that this group has encountered in the thousands of years of existence. And all of this can be attributed to an undying devotion to their God and deep sense of community. It is now clear why many see interfaith marriages as a threat to the survival of the Jewish race. It is no exaggeration to say that many are alarmed and convinced that this generation is the end of the road for them, especially to American Jews who live in a materialistic world that seems to have no time to revisit the past and hang on to outmoded traditions. But for a very long time there was no cause for alarm. Shapiro in his book on American Jewry in the 20th century described the self-satisfied demeanor of most Jewish leaders when it comes to exogamy. And he said that it was a common belief that, â€Å"†¦ Jews had a reputation for resisting intermarriage, that the Jewish rate of endogamy was far higher that that of any other white ethnic religious group, and that American Jewish leaders and scholars complacently believed the threat of intermarriage had been contained† (1992, p. 234). They soon found out that this was not the case as the world approaches the 21st century. And everyone was scrambling to reverse the trend but it may be too late.

Explain How Christian Charities and Communities Essay

May put these Ideas into Practice Christian charities and communities put these ideas into action by devoting time to those who are less fortunate than themselves. They may work abroad as a doctor or nurse, or as an aid worker in a refugee camp. They may also provide help from their own homes by not being wasteful and donating old clothes and books and other objects that could be of use. There are certain organisations set up for Christians to help those less fortunate. These include organisations such as Voluntary Service Overseas which offers service to people with the will to help and it helps set them up with some work to do abroad. Other people will make donations to charities or even set aside some of their monthly income to make sure that they give something each month to help thise less fortunate than themselves. Christians are obligated to work towards helping those less fortunate than themselves. Charities such as Oxfam, Save the Children Fund and Comic Relief are all based to eliminate world poverty. However, they are not based on any religious beliefs. Christian charities include the Salvation Army, Christian Aid, Tear Fund and CAFOD. Christian Aid was organised just after the Second World War as many people had lost all their possesions and loved ones, including their home and family. Many people were left with nothing. That is when ‘Christian Reconstruction in Europe’ was set up, which raised a massive one million pounds! This helped people start to build up their lives again. Once the citizens in Europe started to become more settled, the attention was drawn to other countries where there was still a huge problem with poverty and injustice, such as Africa. The name of the organisation was then changed to ‘Christian Aid’ and has been known as that ever since. Christian Aid has helped those in natural disasters (such as the war in Lebanon, the famine in Sudan and East Pakistan and others), by sending over money, doctors and medicines, clothes and food. The money sent over is used to build hospitals, education centres and wells for clean water. Most recently Christian Aid has campaigned for fair trade and for an end to Third World dept. Christian Aid works in more than 70 countries, and on more than 700 local projects. There are four main areas to Christian Aid, the first of which is fund-raising. Christian Aid Week started in 1957 and is a major nationwide event. Churches are given a number of towns to manage between them, of which all houses in them have an envelope posted through. In this envelope are the aims of Christian Aid, along with the explaination of the work and asks for a donation. In 1995 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,600,000 was raised. Christian Aid provides emergency aid to deal with natural disasters and refugees- this takes priority over long-term projects due to the extreme nature of the situations. This type of aid involves sending food and medicine as well as providing shelter for those affected. About 10-15% of its funds are spent on emergency aid each year. Long-term projects such as in Bangladesh where a basic drugs factory has been funded have the aim to continue helping the country in the future. This is the main area of Christian Aid’s work, which encourages people in LEDC’s to work themselves out of poverty, so that they will not need aid in the future. The final area of Christian Aid’s work is education (in the UK mainly), where 5% of the budget is spent. ‘Christian Aid News’, a quarterly newspaper gives information on their developments as well as explaining the need for world development and ways in which Christians can help those in LEDC’s. Christianity tries to make people in the west aware of the conditions in the Third World. They do this by running advertising campaigns and educatory packs for schools. They believe that increased awareness will mean that Christians and others will be more prepared to give to Third World charities. The Salvation Army began in 1865 when William Booth, and his wife Catherine, realised that the poor were not being treated equally to the richer and they were not even allowed into churches. He believed the ‘church needed to go to the people, rather than the people coming to the church, to be touched by the Christian message.’ By 1900 the Army had spread around the world to 36 countries.The aim of The Salvation Army is ‘the advancement of the Christian religion†¦of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole.’ The Salvation Army are also aiming to reach out to others, in order to encourage them to do the same. The ‘community outreach team’ aims at doing just that, making people aware of the hundreds of people who are homeless in London alone! Caritas is a world-wide Roman Catholic organisation which believes that it is not enough to give people in need material help. It believes in ‘providing the solidarity needed to nourish that hope which alone will enable our less fortunate brothers and sisters to take personal charge of their own lives and destiny and thus achieving that liberty which is their inalienable right as children of God.’ In England and Wales, Caritas is represented by CAFOD (Catholic Agency for Overseas Development). CAFOD is considered one of the United Kingdom’s leading development and relief organisations, and funds over a thousand projects in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America, the Caribbean and Eastern Europe. Not only does CAFOD help those less fortunate but they also work within parishes, schools and community organisations to help teach others about poverty and it’s causes. They also run many fund raising projects through schools and otherwise, such as sponsored sports events to raise money. CAFOD aims to get rid of poverty in the Developing World, and aims to bring about justice and fair shares for everyone. CAFOD also does a lot of emergency work when it is needed. When there is a natural disaster incident, such as a flood, hurricane, or earthquake they provide food and then help with rebuilding. Some Christians donate one tenth of their earnings as their duty towards helping the poor. Christian’s faith teaches that the wealth is by no means bad but they must learn the right purposes for earning it and using it, and would argue that they should give money to charity rather than spending it all on luxuries. This is illustarating the Eye of the Needle; â€Å"it is easier for a camel to go through a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of God† as in the story of The Rich Man †¦ If the world were like it should be according to Christian teaching then the world would probably be a better place. The problem is that God gave men and women free will. If all of the world’s wealth was divided up equally between each person then not before very long the rich would be rich once again and the poor would be back where they were.

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) Assignment

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) - Assignment Example These are to be safeguarded and maintained in a secure status ensuring prevention of unauthorized access to the system through sharing one’s passwords and through reproduction of licensed soft wares owned by the company. Should any stakeholder suspect any violations of the Code, or if any situation warrants closer evaluation due to possible violations of any state or federal law, is encouraged to report the matter immediately to the Human Resources Department or to a PepsiCo Speak up Line stipulated therein. Anyone reporting an incident suspected to be a violation of the Code is promised confidentiality of matter. Likewise, anyone proven to have retaliated against the person who exercised one’s rights under the Code would be subject to appropriate remedial action. Those found to have violated the provisions of the Code and any applicable law would be subject to legal proceedings. Finally, the employees are expected to conform to the conditions of the Code and managers are enjoined to serve as role models, manifesting compliance to ethical standards and exemplifying morals of good conduct. Should there remain some issues that need to be resolved, everyone is encouraged to seek the advice of one’s Human Resources manager or the PepsiCo Law Department to address one’s

Corporate Social Responsibility-GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility-GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) - Research Paper Example The healthcare industry is also projecting increased drug consumption after the introduction of healthcare laws. Currently, the mission of the business is more complicated than creating profits for the shareholders. The firms are judged not only on profit but also their principles (Jackson & Nelson, 2004). Organizations have a responsibility in fulfilling employees’ obligations, community, and the environment (Martin, 2002). In order for organization to maintain or restore public trust, it should practice corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is regarded as a commitment that aligns with the corporate strategic goals concerning pressing societal issues, and portraying awareness of the community need in which the business works. Pharmaceutical industries have been pressured to practice corporate social responsibility, especially regarding the HIV/AIDS pandemic (Leisinger, 2005), and product recalls. GlaxoSmithKline has made several commitments in an effort to practice corporate social responsibility. It has introduced a Least Developed Country Patent Pool for tropical diseases medicines, which have been neglected due to lack of feasibility. Also, it will reduce prices of patented medicinal products in the least developed countries to 25%.In addition, increase funding for research on diseases in developing

Human Resource Management in Global Economy Essay

Human Resource Management in Global Economy - Essay Example Moreover, they should be more adaptable, resilient, agile, and customer-focused to succeed. And within this change in environment, the Human Resource managers have to change in order to become a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate, and a change mentor within the organisation. In order to succeed, Human Resource Management must be a business-driven function with a clear understanding of the organisation's ultimate goals and be able to influence essential decisions and policies of the organisation. Generally, the emphasis of modern day Human Resource manager is on strategic personnel preservation and skills advancement. Human Resource professionals will be coaches, counselors, mentors, and succession planners to help motivate organisation's members and their loyalty. The Human Resource manager will also promote and fight for values, ethics, beliefs, and spirituality within their organisations, especially in the management of workplace diversity (Chan, 2004). Business organisations today have a clear and accelerating tendency toward downsizing that is the slow and methodical dismantling of an area - its redefinition and decentralization in the direction of the other areas of the company. Human Resource Management is not an exception on this trend. ... y, decentralising decision-making, debureaucratisation, deregulation, separation into strategic business units, continuous quality improvement programs, reengineering, and other trends in contemporary administration are accompanied by equivalent changes in people management (Chiavenato, 2001). HRM departments are on their way out The Human resource management department is on its way out. The concept of "human resource management" is being replaced by a new term that is garnering greater reception, namely 'people management.' 'Managing people is progressively more becoming the accountability of the middle management. Employees are now considered as human beings, not simply organisational resources or assets. Their activities and individual differences are being understood and respected, because they are gifted with unique personalities and intelligence, and differentiated aptitudes, knowledge and abilities. To the extreme, some more advanced organisations do not even talk about managing people, because this concept could imply that people are simply passive agents who depend on decisions from higher levels, rather Human Resource managers talk about managing with people, making employees more of business partners than alien entity separate from the organisation. This whole new concept means that workers from all levels of the organisation are considered responsible for, as well as involved in the organisation's business (Chiavenato, 2001). Computerisation of HRM functionsIn order to reduce the manual workload of Human Resource Department's repetitive administrative activities, organisations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing innovative HRMS (Human Resource Management Systems/HCM

Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriage - Essay Example Moreover, the arguments against same-sex marriage almost exactly track the arguments against interracial marriage, which shows that the evolution of marriage should go in the same direction – just as interracial marriage is accepted by the majority of people, so should same-sex marriage be. The History of Marriage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history of marriage, of course, would be the topic of a much longer discourse, so this section will only review the pertinent aspects of heterosexual marriage which impact the arguments for and against gay marriage.   Fox-Genovese (49) traces the history of marriage, stating that marriage began as a relationship between families, tribes and clans, as opposed to uniting individuals.   Marriage was transformed, however, into a right to enjoy certain benefits and privileges, along with community approval and recognition.   Fox-Genovese (50) begins her analysis of marriage by stating that Adam and Eve were created an d ordered to be fruitful and multiply, which was the basis for this original union.   In the Old Testament, women suffered greatly, as their husbands took concubines and fathered children with many other women.   At that time, marriage was mainly about families and tribes, not about the individuals themselves.   This motivation continued in pre-modern societies, as primitive groups, such as Hebrew tribes, used marriage as a way to strengthen their house.   Marriage was also typically used as a political solidification practice, as ruling families used marriage to strengthen their political rule.   Therefore, for most of millennia, marriage has been a pragmatic institution, not based upon love, but, rather, based upon economics and power consolidation.   This is shown by the pragmatics of marriage in consolidating power, and is also shown by dowries and bride prices, in which the potential husband literally paid for the privilege of marrying his future wife (Fox-Genovese, 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout these historical eras, women were subjected to patriarchy.   The man ruled the home, and, at least in the Old Testament cases, was able to take on multiple wives, concubines and lovers without censure.   Fox-Genovese (60) states that this patriarchy was lessened, somewhat, towards the end of the 19th Century, as women gained more equality in and outside the marital unit.   Eventually, marriage evolved from its pragmatic status to one that is more egalitarian and ostensibly based upon love.   Marriage is no longer merely a way to solidify power, or a way to gain economically. It is now considered to be a sacred bond between two people in love. The emphasis is now on personal happiness, not economics, power and social ties (Fox-Genovese, 61).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fox-Genovese (62) makes the case that marriage, historically, has been based upon practical concerns, and these concerns do not nec essarily focus upon what anti-gay marriage advocates insist are at the core of marital unions – the family and procreation.   Marriage has traditionally been based upon economic, social and political concerns, which seem to undermine the arguments against gay marriage. Another sound argument which is based upon an analysis of heterosexual marriage, which profoundly undermines the current bias against

Financial Service Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Service Assignment 2 - Essay Example vital contributor towards the steadiness with regard to the financial structure along with being a significant element in the course of operations associated with the existent economy (Department of Mathematics, 2008). The structure of derivatives market in the present times has been learnt to lure increased concentration next to the present environment related to fraud cases, financial crisis along with the collapse of few of the market participants. It was an evident fact that the recent financial catastrophe principally occurred because of the planned credit-linked securities which were not actually derivatives. This made the regulators and the policy developers think regarding intensification of the guidelines for boosting the lucidity and security for both the wide array of financial instruments as well as derivatives (Department of Mathematics, 2008). Derivatives are referred as financial contracts the worth of which is considered as a resultant of certain definite underlying assets. The underlying assets are believed to entail equity indices as well as equities, loans, exchange rates, commercial along with residential mortgages, bonds, interest rates, commodities and natural calamities like the hurricanes and the earthquakes. The derivative contracts appear or are available in numerous forms however, the most widespread forms entail forwards or futures, swaps and options (Acharya & et. al., 2009). A forward contract is referred to a certain contract in which the involved two parties comply to trade the definite â€Å"underlying asset† in the upcoming days at a specific point of time which has been ascertained earlier and at a preset price. Thus, the buyer complies today to purchase a definite form of asset in the upcoming days and the other party i.e. the seller complies to give delivery of that definite asset at the agreed and predetermined time. Futures are regarded as standardised form of forwards that are capable of being dealt in on the exchange

Developing yourself and others Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Developing yourself and others - Coursework Example I like action oriented careers, in which I will be in the goal settings and implementations. My colleague has a converging learning style. He likes experimenting first on theories and principles before he can apply on real office work. He questions everything he is given to work with and rarely does his work following gut feelings. He is interested in developmental work with innovations such as technology and science. For him, everything has to be tackled with an appropriate solution, and what worked for a single problem may not work for another one unless, it is first tried and tested. He is the kind of person who can come up with manuals to be used in the work, and everybody should use the manual when solving the particular problem. The developmental needs assessment for me and my colleague was done using a SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is an analysis that focuses on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Burrow, 2012 p. 148). The first strength I harbor is that I am a hands-on person, and like doing things the best way in which I think will work out. The market is always dynamic changing from day to day and thus what worked yesterday may not function today. The opportunity I have is that I am a fast learner, and I am also very flexible to change and can thus adapt to any organizational setting. My major weakness lies in the use of standards and formulas. I cannot do a job that requires the use of standards, as I prefer taking shortcuts. The primary threat I harbor is the flooding of the market with people who are whole rounded. The major need is to learn how to use standards and patience in implementation of strategies. My colleague’s strength lies in the ability to use standards and use only those formulas that are tested and tried. His major opportunity lies in the fact that he is still young and in school, and, for this reason, will climb the corporate ladder fast because of the amount of certificates he has. His major weakness is

The Biology and Ecology of White Sharks Research Paper

The Biology and Ecology of White Sharks - Research Paper Example The research, therefore, includes information on the ecology and biology of the white shark, the species’ recent conservation status, a clear description of the major threats endangering the species’ survival in the Australian water bodies and appropriate recommendations for future research. Â   Other names for the white shark include the white pointer or great white shark. It is a close relative of the porbeagle shark and mako shark popular in the mackerel crook family Lamnidae. The white shark has an average stout and torpedo-shaped body, its color is blue-grey to grey-brown on the upper region and white beneath, has very big serrated teeth, and unique horizontal tip lengthways the physique middle line just near the semicircular designed tail. Another physical fact about the white shark is; large apex predator that grows to at least six meters in length. Some reports that are not yet proved to indicate that the white shark grows up to seven meters in length and can weigh up to a mass of three thousand kilos (Bright, 33). A unique heat-exchanging circulatory system allows the white shark to maintain a favorable body temperature of up to fourteen degree Celsius above that of the surrounding water masses of the sea. This enables the individuals to tolerate a wide range of temperatures. The white shark is a species that lives for a very long period of time that is approximately sixty years but this is not certain information. Averagely the reasonable period is in between forty to fifty years according to scientists and researchers. The species has a relatively slow development and low reproductive rate with a long pregnancy period that is close to eighteen months. These features indicate a low reproduction capability that has difficulties for the vulnerability of the white shark to non-natural mortality and the rate at which populations deplete and recover. These factors have substantial defects for the conservation of the white shark species.

Family law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Family law coursework - Essay Example By virtue of Section 12 of the Matrimonial Causes Act, Harold’s marriage is voidable and as such can be annulled. Section 12 (d) provides that a marriage is voidable if ‘†¦either party to the marriage did not validly consent to it, whether in consequence of duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise2 Harold clearly did not exercise free will when he married Wendy. She threatened his livelihood by warning that she would tell Harold’s employers of his previous convictions for crimes of dishonesty. It is not unreasonable to assume that Harold married Wendy as a means of silencing Wendy and holding onto his job. What amounts to duress is not always clear. Early on, Butt J determined that a series of incidents perpetuated by the husband against the wife was capable of amounting to duress. In this particular case the husband somehow managed to trick the wife into assuming his debts, then refused to help her discharge them unless she agreed to marry him. Once he finally got her before the appropriate Justice of the Peace, he once again threatened to shoot her if she did not go through with the marriage. Butt J allowed the decree of nullity on the grounds that the wife had not honestly consented to the matrimonial union.3 Duress is not always founded on extreme application of pressure as witnessed in the case above. The facts of Buckland v Buckland are rather similar to Harold’s case. In Buckland’s case, a man developed a platonic relationship with a minor and was charged with corrupting a minor. His solicitor advised him that should he marry the minor, he could avoid facing a term of imprisonment. The man married the minor and subsequently petitioned the courts for a decree of nullity. Lord Scarman held that since the man reasonably feared going to prison his consent was not genuine.4 Some authority exist for the construction of duress to be aligned with an actual threat to

Mind Is Not a Vessel to Be Filled, but a Fire to Be Kindled Essay Example for Free

Mind Is Not a Vessel to Be Filled, but a Fire to Be Kindled Essay â€Å"Education† may be an ordinary word to most people, but very few actually understand the deep meaning beneath it. In this dynamic world, we need to be equipped with the necessary skills and hard work to survive. Understanding the education system is integral to allow students to understand the purpose of studying, the purpose of going to school everyday. Is education in Singapore really â€Å"holistic†? Are there flaws? What is education? By definition, it would be something along the line of â€Å" transferring knowledge†. I beg to differ. In my opinion, education consists of more than just knowledge. From Kindergarden to University, students are put through the daily routine of waking up early in the morning, going to a place where teachers teach â€Å"the same old stuff†. By that, I am referring to knowledge. Knowledge is power, you might say. Indeed, being knowledgeable helps you stand out among the rest during the tests and examinations. But is that all about education ? Acing the tests and getting a degree? I’m afraid no. Years after years, Singapore universities and institutions are well-known on the global front for being able to produce students with top grades. These results just keep getting better and better. Foreigners come to Singapore for education. Most people might therefore think education in Singapore is perfect. I also acknowledge that these are true, but only to a certain extent. On the other spectrum ( which is usually not shown), there are students who are not performing as well as their peers, students who are doing well but facing a lot of unnecessary stress. This is prevalent as well. The obsessive reliance of tuition to produce grades, online forums to discuss ways to â€Å"headstart my child in education†. I find no meaning in these. This is passive learning. Similarly, there are exceptional cases which bring out the ugly truth about education in Singapore. Students faking degrees to earn scholarships, jobs , graduates saying vulgarities during graduation ceremony to ‘rejoice’ over the achievements, even local scholar prosecuted overseas for doing unethical things such as watching child pornography. If education in Singapore is so perfect, why would such disgraceful incidents occur? Let us look at some possible reasons. Memorizing dictionaries, memorizing textbooks, doing thousands of assessment books, attending endless tuitions and supplementary classes†¦ These are some things most pupils in Singapore are going through. They have my sympathy. Everything I have described until now is about passive learning, which revolves around results and lacking in true meaning of education. Now, let us zoom into another aspect. Imagine this : a child who does his work consistently, revises on daily basis, reads newspapers everyday. Everything without being told. Seems like a utopian child? No. It is possible. The only thing he has compared to other students is the passion. The burning passion inside him to learn, to absorb knowledge. This drive pushes him to do everything on his own. There is no tuition, no supplementary classes, reasonable number of assessment books. Yet, this child is scoring ‘A’s for his subjects. In Singapore schools, Ministry of Education is encouraging a whole new approach towards â€Å"holistic† education. Co-curricular activities, Community Involvement Program, Civics Morals Education†¦ these are programmes put in place after much effortful planning of the education ministries. There are even more recent policies such as not revealing top students for national examinations such as Primary School Leaving Examinations. I respect them for that. However, there are rooms for improvement. CCA, short for co-curricular activities, is a word that is often hung in the pupils’ mouth. Whether they say it out of pride in a good way or bad way, I do not know. This brings me to the point of CCA mismatch. Students who feel they are â€Å"not good enough† for a CCA only after a few years in that CCA, students who feel indignant as they feel they could have gotten into â€Å"better CCA†. What are the consequences of this? Students not attending CCAs regularly, students complaining about how ‘ sien ‘ ( boring and uninteresting) their CCA is. This leads to stereotyping about CCAs and split between different CCAs, especially Sports vs Non-Sports. While you might say it is good that CCAs are bonded together as a team, the purpose of bonding is wrong. They are making fun of other people and things they do. In the long run, this will not work. Another thing is when pupils do not attend CCAs, the school has no choice but to use deterrence methods such as demerit points. To tackle this whole situation, there is Direct- School- Admission put in place to reduce scenarios like this however the success is limited. After talking about limitations of the current education system put in place, I have some suggestions. What I will say is also something simple : passion. Again, a simple word yet deep meaning behind it. If a student is an active learner, problems such as late/no submission of work, lack of focus during lessons, loss of notes, game/social networking addiction etc will all be eliminated at once. Students will not complain ‘ Life is Tough’ or ‘ There is too much work yet too little time’ etc. Teachers no longer have to chase after the students for work, give students boring supplementary classes. Teachers no longer have to scold students, which deviates their focus on teaching that will result in drop in productivity. This will lead to more supplementary/remedial classes which make students get tired of learning. Ultimately, they lose passion in learning. This evil cycle of mad chase, forced homework, drilled practice will keep on going until the students change their attitude. If the students take charge of their own learning, they will automatically focus during lessons and give constructive feedback that can engage the whole class in a positive manner. This will accelerate learning so much that the teachers will be more willing to teach and even plan fun activities for pupils to play and learn at the same time. At the same time, the students will strive to do their best in everything including daily worksheet, assignments. Ultimately, success ( which is good grades people chase after) will follow them. Therefore, I strongly feel that passion is much more important than knowledge. To put this passion in them, I think teachers, parents and students themselves all play a crucial role to ‘kindle the fire’ within them. They can help create encouraging environment to allow pupils to share their opinions on certain topics and letting them think ‘out of the box’. They can reduce things such elitism stereotyping to encourage the pupils to exchange feedback healthily and letting them learn from one another. Occasionally, having useful motivation courses in schools by professionals also might help. Once this fire is lit, the action will follow. Students will start finding joy in learning and unknowingly, they will get good grades without even getting stressed or tired.

William Langlands Poem Piers Plowman

William Langlands Poem Piers Plowman The vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman is an allegorical poem written in alliterative verse in the form of a dream vision, which depicts in great detail the structure and moral values of the English society during the fifteenth century. It provides a perspective on the social matters during that period and poses questions concerning the spiritual life and moral values of the various social classes, offering profound insight into the problematic issues of the time. The power of its narrative lies in the strong satire directed at the corruptness and depravity of the social system which stems from the individuals lack of true understanding of the moral values represented in the biblical text. The poem states the authors indignation and discontent with the immoral practices on all levels of social hierarchy, criticizing the corruptive nature of all classes, including the peasantry, the merchants and above all the clergy, and exposing their representatives as lacking the basic human morality and whose existence is deprived of any spiritual value. The popularity of the poem during the fourteenth century accounts for the power of its moral and political satire. It remained popular throughout the fifteenth century and it was regarded in the sixteenth by the leaders of the reformation as an inspiration and a prophecy, and, in modern times, has been quoted by every historian of the fourteenth century as the most vivid and trustworthy source for the social and economic history of the time (The Cambridge History of English and American Literature). This has often led to its misinterpretation as a call for social reformation and an expression of overall dissatisfaction with the social organization of the time. The poem, though used for the rebels propaganda during the peasant revolts, is not revolutionary in its essence. It does not suggest a reorganization of the social structure but rather expresses criticism of the existing conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and condemnation of the life led by practically all the classes: blame of friars, o f lawyers, of the clergy, of bishops, of nobles, of the poor who will not work (Mincoff, 126). Throughout the narrative we encounter multiple references to the inadequate performance of their individual duties and the inability to fulfill their social role. The social corruptness is a direct result of mans moral depravity, which is at the bottom of all misfortunes and the primary cause for the malfunction of the social system as a whole (Mincoff, 126). A panoramic view of the English medieval society is offered in the very first part of the poem, the Prologue. It offers a general description of the major class representatives, thus providing the reader with a holistic perspective on the English society. There is a certain irony in this initial description which sets the satiric tone that can be felt later on throughout the text of the poem. Many of those in the crowd walking through the valley are subjected to the satire and moral condemnation of the author, regardless of their social status. The rich and the poor are criticized equally beggars, friars, the pardoner, the priest and the lawyers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bidderes and beggeres faste aboute yede [Til] hire bely and hire bagge [were] bredful ycrammed, Faiteden for hire foode, foughten at the aleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I fond there freres, alle the foure ordres, Prechynge the peple for profit of [the wombe]: Glosed the gospel as hem good liked; For coveitise of copes construwed it as thei woldeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But many others deserve praising and they are praised equally regardless their class or wealth the ploughmen, the nuns and hermits, the honest merchants and the minstrels (The Cambridge History of English and American Literature). The authors criterion for evaluation is not the social class, the possession or lack of wealth, but the fulfillment of ones duties and ones honest life. There is no fault in the hierarchical structure of society, what is faulty is man who has lapsed into idleness and vice, therefore the change should take place within mans heart first. The recipe is simple and its given to the dreamer in the form of advice by the Holy Church (Mincoff, 127): Love is leche of lif and next Oure Lord selve, And also the graithe gate that goth into hevene. Forthi I seye as I seide er by sighte of the textes: Whan alle tresors ben tried, Treuthe is the beste. The authors satire can be felt particularly strong through the skillful use of the grotesque in the depiction of the wedding company setting off for Westminster. The journey of the laughable party is by no means an exception to the poem, it is only one of the numerous episodes where caricature is used to convey the authors strong disapproval and discontent. Due to the lack of horses the party rides on the backs of saddled sheriffs, assessors, notaries and all sorts of officials (Mincoff, 127). And Favel fette forth thanne foles ynowe And sette Mede upon a sherreve shoed al newe, And Fals sat on a sisour that softeli trotted And Favel on a flaterere fetisly atired. Some of the most impressive examples of this characteristic use of the grotesque we find in the confessions of the Seven Deadly Sins (Mincoff, 128). They are described with such a great skill that their appearance speaks more than their words. And thanne cam Coveitise, I kan hym naght discryve So hungrily and holwe Sire Hervy hym loked. He was bitelbrowed and baberlipped, with two blered eighen And as a letheren purs lolled hise chekes Wel sidder than his chyn thei chyveled for elde; And as a bondeman of his bacon his berd was bidraveled; With an hood on his heed, a lousy hat above, In a [torn] tabard of twelf wynter age; But if a lous couthe lepe the bettre, She sholde noght wa[ndr]e on that Welche, so was it thredbare! Meed is the character who embodies to the greatest degree the authors satire. She brings confusion and corruption to the world and the love for Meed is spread through all classes of society and is deeply rooted in the viciousness of mans nature. There are no satirical attacks against any class in particular, because they are all equally poisoned by the love of Meed. The power of the satire lies in the skillful use of allegory. The personified characters are not mere one-dimension abstractions employed to speak the authors mind, they are fully fledged characters, vividly depicted, moving and breathing, participating in various situations and characterized by a distinctive speech manner. The author very rarely interferes directly to criticize or moralize, which makes the poem more objective. We may say that the poems satire works on subconscious level, influencing the reader through powerful and memorable images and the portrayal of colourful characters instead of imposing his views an d ideas directly (The Cambridge History of English and American Literature). His satire is almost exclusively conveyed through the speech of his characters and the interaction between them. In that sense, its implicit rather than explicit, more subtle and far more effective. The evil-doers in society are not the only ones subjected to the authors satire, the wasters who spend all their lives in idleness and who are not willing to work are also severely criticized for they all fail in performing their social roles. The passive existence of the idlers is as unacceptable as the existence of those who do harm and indulge in immoral activities. The authors view on the labour organization within society is clearly stated by Piers refusal to feed those who do not work, except for those who are physically disabled. Every part of the society has to make its contribution and perform its duties. The only possible solution is Hunger, who is the only one capable of forcing the wasters to work. The author of the poem is well aware that the beggars and all the rest who refuse to work disrupt the balance is society and pose a threat to the social order. One should not rely on others effort and hard work. Decisive measures should be undertaken in order to compel them to earn their living. The idlers must be refused any kind of food except for bread and water. But the author seems rather unwilling to accept hard work as a primary virtue as it is evident from the pardon that Piers receives. -Do wel and have wel. and God shal have thi soule, And Do yvel and have yvel, and hope thow noon oother That after thi deeth day the devel shal have thi soule! Everything should be applied in moderation. Excess is the actual subject to his fierce criticism. Every man should dedicate sufficient amount of his time not only to work but to prayer and penance, and to spiritual contemplation, or, as Mincoff put it, it is a warning not to let oneself be carried away too completely by worldly cares, to remember that there is the spiritual life as well (132). The ultimate moral lesson of the poem is that those who are guided by their conscience have a chance for salvation. Conscience is the only one who stays to guard the Church of Unity and search for Christ in the person of Piers at the end of the poem. Conscience appears in the poem as early as in the first vision when the author clearly states his views concerning the government of the country which should be based on Conscience and Reason. Therefore, we may conclude that both the moral growth of the individual and the well-being of the whole society are rooted in human conscience, which is the guiding principle for a good honest life as well as prosperous society while the allegoric treatment of the matter increases the power of suggestion and contributes to the authors trenchant satire.

Fathers role in molding his sons adolescence

Fathers role in molding his sons adolescence Over the years so many theories have made it evident that the father is a role model to his children, especially his son during the adolescence years. But none have discussed in what manner he affects, what are the domains in which he is influential and what factors play role to have these effects. Even after being the third in the mother-child dyad, how come the father becomes so important once the child is in his/her puberty, more importantly the son. This paper is an attempt to analysis the findings of the earlier studies done in this domain, to summate their findings and conclude the role of the father in molding his adolescent sons life. According to Freudian psychoanalytical view the father is considered to be a fear instigating factor in a sons life due to which he identifies with him. In a research study based psychoanalytical view of role of father as being the one who castrates shows the importance of identification with him as a gender role model for son for healthy development of sexual orientation later in life (Ceccarelli and Horizonte, 2003). This study explains that the lack/absence of a father who demands respect from the son and lay strong secure base for him to project his oedipal complexes by constantly defining limits, can lead to the construction of the nostalgia of the fathers protection as the transformation of this father into the symbolic father and his projection of his need for a father figure onto his sexual partners and also defining his sexual preference (the cases described in the study were of sons who had homosexual orientation). Therefore a male role model needs to be present for the son to develop sexual preferences which invariantly becomes prominent during the pubertal years, as the boy experiences new bodily changes. According to Zoja (2001) in his book The Father: Historical, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives with Jungian analytical view, points that a single mother can assume the role of a father in preadolescent years of the child because the woman has been able to reconcile her role of mother with her role of lover, but later due to change in group dynamics and development of concept of gender-identity in adolescent years, need for an actual male father figure arises, for these adolescents form gangs which have a crude and regressive masculine psychology and its unconscious function is to challenge the father just as the gangs of animals are placed in masculine hierarchy. Sipsma, Biello, Cole-Lewis and Kershaw (2010) show that sons of adolescent fathers were 1.8 times more likely to become adolescent fathers than were sons of older fathers, as they l acked proper father figure in their life as their father themselves have not been mature enough to provide them with the strong security which is associated with a father. Adolescent boys with their father-present have higher male sex- role preferences than father-absent boys, though both father-present and father absent adolescent boys imitate male sex-role and female sex-roles which is not in correlation to their sex-role preferences. Moreover the masculine preferences are well established by age seven, more in father-present boys than in father-absent ones (Bandaines, 1976), showing clearly the role model that a father assumes quite early in his sons life. According to findings of Almeida and Galambos (1991), fathers acceptance of adolescent son increases with time, and as they get more involved in each other life, a better understanding may develop helping the adolescent child to deal with his conflicts. Moreover in single-earner families fathers tend to spend more time with the ir sons than their daughter which may be it being easy to identify with the same sex both ways. Thus it is clear that the presence of fathers who involve in their adolescent sons can lead to better feeling of acceptance in the child. Jones, Kramer, Armitage and Williams (2003) showed that the perceived quality of father-son (and mother-son) relation was negatively correlated with psychological separation: better the perceived quality, the less psychologically separated they were. Adolescent boys with non-resident fathers who had more frequent contact with their fathers experienced less psychological separation and more of overall healthy separateness. studies show that males who experience separation from their fathers early in life (before age 5yrs), even though they developed unhindered masculine preferences, experience high rate of low self-esteem and self-confidence, while those who are separated from their fathers later in life due to divorce of parents are less likely to marry and more likely to have common-law relationships (Covell and Turnbull, 1982). Robertson (1999) in his study found out that, variation in family structure, lack sense of attachment to family or parents, lack of shared leisure experiences with adolescent sons beyond age 10yr, and lack of interest in the adolescent sons live, especially by fathers lead to increased rated of delinquency in these boys. In a study done on African-American adolescent males involved in delinquent activities showed that, there was a detrimental effect of low socioeconomic-status on the delinquent activities of father-absent pubertal boys than those living in dual-parent families. Moreover the study showed that the parental monitoring done by the fathers was inversely correlated to the delinquent acts of the adolescent as these adolescent males benefited from being in a dual-parent family where they received paternal supervision besides maternal control (Paschall et al. 2003). With emergence of adolescence, drugs-use becomes a major concern and the experimenting youth become easy prey to such addiction. In such times the father can be a major influential factor in his sons life, who can either make him more prone to adapt to the habit or easy for him to stay away from such indulgence. Brook et. al.(1983) findings show that affectionate, emotionally supportive, attentive, involved in their sons life and engaging in meaningful conversation fathers have sons who dont smoke. Moreover fathers of nonsmokers have higher expectations from their sons and help to cultivate their ideas therefore may be encouraging their need for independence, which foster in their sons a sense of competence and achievement. On the other hand adolescent boys who smoked were unable to identify with their fathers beliefs and values and more identified with the stereotypical macho-masculine roles and that helped them to compensate for the poor paternal masculine role, which tend to spend less quality as well as quantity of time with their sons, and most of them smoke themselves. Apart from these the smokers differed from the nonsmoker adolescent boys on many personality traits; they tend to be less frustration tolerant, less compliant to family situations, less responsible and more rebellious and impulsive. The smoking behavior helps them to compensate for the feeling of low self-esteem, which develops due to a poor paternal role model. In another study Brook et. al (1981) found that adolescent marijuana users are less likely to perceive their fathers as less affectionate and child-centered, and they lack paternal control. Another domain in which fathers make a big contribution to adolescent sons is the area of subjective well-being and values-judgments. James R. Barclay (1980) in his study defines the role of a father in his adolescent sons development of values as that of, the masculine role model, the communicator (listening to different views and offering problem-solving methodologies), the moral model (striving to live somewhere between the absolutist and complete relativist) and the fallible reinforcing agent. Further studies show that fathers support is positively related to the psychological well-being of adolescent boys, especially those who are constantly bullied at school or by their peer group. (Flouri and Buchanan, 2002). In men positive parenting(by both or either parents) influenced psychological functioning by lowering psychological maladjustment in adolescence and increasing the odds of being partnered in midadulthood, it protected against psychological distress by promoting educationa l attainment and physical health in adolescence and young adulthood, and by increasing the odds of being religious and partnered in midadulthood, and it predicted life satisfaction by lowering psychological maladjustment in adolescence. (Flouri, 2003) Thus the involvement of father in a childs adolescent years, especially the son is more important so as to provide him with better gender role; help in developing better self-esteem and confidence, overall feeling of subjective-wellbeing and trust in long term commitments; and thus keeping a check on childs maladaptive behaviors such as that of engaging in early sexual relations, committing delinquency and abusing substances. Refrences: Almeida D. and Galambos N. Examining Father Involvement and the Quality of Father-Son Relations. Journal Of Research in Adolescence. 1991. 1(2), 155-172. Bandaines J. Identification, Imitation and Sex-Role Preference in Father-Present and Father-Absent Black and Chicano Boys. The Journal of Psychology, 1976. 92, 15-24 Barclay, J.R. Values of Adolescent Males and Father-Son Relations. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 1980, 267-269 Brook J. et.al. The Role of the Father in His Sons Marijuana Use. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1981. 138, 81-86 Brook J. et.al. Fathers And Sons: Their Relationship And Personality Characteristics Associated With The Sons Smoking Behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1983. 142, 271-281. Covell K. and Turnbull W. The Long Term Effects of Father Absence in Childhood on Male University Students Sex-Role Identity and Personal Adjustment. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1982. 141, 271-276. Ceccarelli and Horizonte, May I Call You Father? Int. Forum Psychoanal., 2003, 12, 195-203 Flouri E. Subjective Well-being in Midlife:The Role of Involvement and Closeness to Parents in Childhood. Journal of Happiness Studies 2004. 5: 335-358. Flouri and Buchanan. Life Satisfaction in Teenage Boys: The Moderating Role of Father Involvement and Bullying. Aggr. Behav. 2002. 28:126-133 Jones et al. The Impact of Father Absence on Adolescent Separation-Individuation. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 2003, 129(1), 73-95 Knafo, A. and Shwartz S.H. Parenting and Adolescents Accuracy in Perceiving Parental Values, Child Development, 2003, Vol.74.2, 595-611 Paschall M., Ringwalt C. and Flewelling R. Effects Of Parenting, Father Absence, And Affiliation With Delinquent Peers On Delinquent Behavior Among African-American Male Adolescents. Adolescence, Spring 2003. 38:149, 15-34 Robertson. Leisure and Family: Perspectives of Male Adolescents who engage in Delinquent activity as Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research. 1999,Vol.31(4), 335-358 Sipsma et al. Like Father, Like Son: The Intergenerational Cycle of Adolescent Fatherhood, American Journal of Public Health, March 2010, Vol. 100.3, 517-524. Zoja, Luigi. The Father : Historical, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives. Taylor Francis Routledge, 2001 .

Alas Babylon Critique :: essays research papers

Critique Alas Babylon, by Pat frank, is a story that revolves round the actions of a single idea, survival. This is reflected in his choice of the title in itself. It is a phrase that is repeated several times in the book, and brings a sense of uneasiness each time. These words come from a part of the â€Å"Revelations of St. John, which describes the decadence of Babylon and the evils that surrounded it at the time (Pg.14-15).† The characters in this book, Mark, and Randy Bragg, began using this phrase from a preacher that they used to listen to as kids. â€Å"Randy and Mark never forgot preacher Henry’s thundering, and from it, they borrowed their private synonym for disaster, real or comic, past or future (Pg.15).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is such a great pattern of impending death and destruction that awaits each character, which a city like Babylon is a perfect comparison to their world in which they live in. Babylon was once a city of many achievements and wonders, proving that they were far ahead of their time. This makes one wonder if it is possible that we are on the same path. â€Å"Sometimes Preacher Henry made Babylon sound like Miami, and sometimes like Tampa†¦(Pg.14)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The phrase in its self could mean that we have at last reached our point of no return, and that there is no way back, it seems like such a solemn and definite statement that there can be no way out, when Mark says to Randy, ‘But if you hear â€Å"Alas Babylon,† you’ll know that’s it,(Pg.16)’ he means it as a last resort for help or great destruction is coming. Mark knows that there is no choice but to prepare for war, and a message that strong can only be expressed by words that significant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There couldn’t have been a better way to describe what the brothers were feeling at the time, two words ‘Alas, Babylon.’ The title was taken from a text that had been read and reread, and had given many interpretations. In the bible, the name Babylon comes with a association of power and strength. Pat Frank wanted to convey that same feeling to the readers, so he used a city that couldn’t be mistaken for anything else. Only few other events in history were as memorable as the fall of Babylon, so this means it has to be notorious.

Mount Everest Death Wish :: essays papers

Mount Everest Death Wish On May 10th 1996, 23 climbers from 5 different expeditions were surprised by a fierce storm on the South Col of Mount Everest. 24 hours later eight of them were dead. Jon Krakauer was part of a group led by experienced climbers Rob Hall, Mike Groom and Andy Harris. Fellow climbers Doug Hansen, Beck Weathers, Yasuko Namba, Frank Fishbeck, Lou Kasischke, John Taske and Stuart Hutchinson had paid up to  £42,000 each to be taken to the summit. By the morning of May 11th Harris, Hansen, Namba and Weathers were all unaccounted for. Krakauer, back at Camp Four after a terrifying night battling the elements, takes up the story on that fateful morning†¦ After a night at 26,000 feet with supplemental oxygen, I was even weaker than I’d been the previous evening after coming down from the summit. Unless we somehow acquired some more gas, I knew my team-mates and I would continue to deteriorate rapidly. Searching out the rest of our crew, I found Fishbeck and Kasischke lying in a nearby tent. Lou was delirious and snow-blind, unable to do anything for himself and muttering incoherently. Frank looked as if he was in a severe state of shock, but he was doing his best to take care of Lou. John Taske was in another tent with Mike Groom: both men appeared to be asleep or unconscious. As I went from tent to tent I tried to locate some oxygen, but all the canisters I found were empty. One thing a climber faces is hypoxia – a semi-hallucinatory state caused by lack of oxygen, which dulls the senses and any decision-making progress. This, coupled with my profound fatigue, exacerbated the sense of chaos and despair. Thanks to t he relentless din of nylon flapping in the wind, it was impossible to communicate from tent to tent. The batteries in our one remaining radio were nearly depleted. Rob and Andy were gone, and although Groom was present, the ordeal of the previous night had taken a terrible toll on him. Seriously frost-bitten he was unable even to speak. While I tried to recover after my fruitless search for Harris, Hutchinson organised a team of four Sherpas to locate the bodies of Weathers and Namba. The search party had set off before Hutchinson, who was so exhausted and befuddled he’d forgotten to put his boots on and had tried to leave camp in his smooth-soiled liners.

Rizal Chapter 22

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION R. T. Lim Boulevard Zamboanga city Name: ___________________________ Date: ______ Year and Section: __________________Score: ______ Midterm Examination in Civil Technology 1 Test 1: Multiple Choice Direction: encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. This is a kind of saw that is used for ripping purposes a. crosscut saw c. rip saw b. miter sawd. dovetail saw 2. The kind of chisel with a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of the wood. a.Paring chiselc. Pocket chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 3. A chisel with heavy duty tool adopted to withstand severe strain, as in framing work and where deep cuts are necessary. a. pocket chiselc. Paring chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 4. The kind of saw that is being used for crosscutting purposes. a. miter sawc. Rip saw c. dovetail sawd. Crosscut saw 5. A kind of rough facing tools which is generally used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes. a. ship adzec. Hatchet b. broadd. Claw hammer 6.The other name for smooth facing tools is? a. driving toolsc. Rough facing tools b. tooth cutting toolsd. Edge cutting tools 7. The plane that consist of 28 to 30 inches long is the? a. jointer planec. Fore plane b. jack paned. Smooth plane 8. A classification of tools that are specially design to make hole in wood. a. tooth cutting toolsc. Smooth cutting tools b. boring tools d. Edge cutting tools 9. It is a kind of plane that is being used for making a sinking cut on wood to make them fit to each other. a. rabbet planec. Grooving plane . fillister planed. Router 10. This is a kind of boring tools which is small and used for punching or piercing small holes. it is generally used in starting a nail or screw into hardwood. a. brad awlc. Auger b. gimletd. Cutter bit Test 11: Modified True or False Direction: Write the word true if the answer is true, and change the underline word of the statement if the answe r is false. Write your answer on the space provided for. 1. Vice is a table tool used to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb severe elbows. _____________ 2. Compass is used in dividing distances into equal parts such as an arc and circumference including straight lines. ___________ 3. Scriber is made up of hard ended steel with a sharp point design to mark a fine lines. __________ 4. Clamps is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon, mortise and other joints. _________ 5. Fillester plane is used in cutting across the wood grain. _________ 6. Claw hammer is a hand tool with head and shank used for turning screws. ________ 7.Wrenches are tools with hand and jaw which may be fitted to the head of the nut used to tighten or loosen the bolts. __________ 8. Oil stone is used after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth and keen edge of the tools. ________ 9. Rough facing tools are also called striking tools. _________ 10. In carpentry we use Level both for guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position. _________ Test 111: Fill in the blank Direction: Choose the correct answer on the box and write it in the blank.Strength Hardness Durability Cleavability Wood Lumbering Skidding Bucking Board Heart Shakes| 1. The defects in wood that is usually occur at the starting point of the limb or branch Of the wood is called the ___________. 2. The _________ are radial cracks originating at the heart of the logs. 3. We used the term _________ to the operation performed in preparing wood for commercial purposes. . The process of sawing into smaller pieces after the removal of the branches is what we called the _________. 5. Te term ________ means that pieces of logs are moved to an assembly area, loaded to transport equipment then carried out of the forest to a sawmill. 6. As applied to wood, ________ means the ability to resist decay or simply the end of its life under a given condition. 7. T he resistance of the wood to cleavage along the grains is the _________. 8. ________ is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain. . A ________ is a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark. 10. In the preparation of wood, ________ is a piece of lumber less than 1-1/2 inches thick and at least 4 inches wide. Test 1V: Identification Direction: Identify the correct answer to the statement below. 1. ________ the kind of tool used for marking and testing work which has 90 degree angle. 2. ________ is a tool which has a combination of 45 and 90 degree angle. 3. ________ the longer and wider part of the framing square. . ________ this is the shorter and narrower part of the square. 5. ________ the point of the square which the tongue and body meet on the outside edge. 6. ________ is a device used as guide of the handsaw in cutting objects to form a miter joint. 7. ________ a metal tool use d to check or obtain a vertical line. 8. ________ double bevel square used to divide an angle in a complicated work in one setting. 9. ________ a marking tool with round head used for marking rough works. 10. _______ is a kind of marking tool that is used to inscribe an arc or a circle. Rizal Chapter 22 ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION R. T. Lim Boulevard Zamboanga city Name: ___________________________ Date: ______ Year and Section: __________________Score: ______ Midterm Examination in Civil Technology 1 Test 1: Multiple Choice Direction: encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. This is a kind of saw that is used for ripping purposes a. crosscut saw c. rip saw b. miter sawd. dovetail saw 2. The kind of chisel with a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of the wood. a.Paring chiselc. Pocket chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 3. A chisel with heavy duty tool adopted to withstand severe strain, as in framing work and where deep cuts are necessary. a. pocket chiselc. Paring chisel b. firming chiseld. Mill chisel 4. The kind of saw that is being used for crosscutting purposes. a. miter sawc. Rip saw c. dovetail sawd. Crosscut saw 5. A kind of rough facing tools which is generally used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes. a. ship adzec. Hatchet b. broadd. Claw hammer 6.The other name for smooth facing tools is? a. driving toolsc. Rough facing tools b. tooth cutting toolsd. Edge cutting tools 7. The plane that consist of 28 to 30 inches long is the? a. jointer planec. Fore plane b. jack paned. Smooth plane 8. A classification of tools that are specially design to make hole in wood. a. tooth cutting toolsc. Smooth cutting tools b. boring tools d. Edge cutting tools 9. It is a kind of plane that is being used for making a sinking cut on wood to make them fit to each other. a. rabbet planec. Grooving plane . fillister planed. Router 10. This is a kind of boring tools which is small and used for punching or piercing small holes. it is generally used in starting a nail or screw into hardwood. a. brad awlc. Auger b. gimletd. Cutter bit Test 11: Modified True or False Direction: Write the word true if the answer is true, and change the underline word of the statement if the answe r is false. Write your answer on the space provided for. 1. Vice is a table tool used to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb severe elbows. _____________ 2. Compass is used in dividing distances into equal parts such as an arc and circumference including straight lines. ___________ 3. Scriber is made up of hard ended steel with a sharp point design to mark a fine lines. __________ 4. Clamps is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon, mortise and other joints. _________ 5. Fillester plane is used in cutting across the wood grain. _________ 6. Claw hammer is a hand tool with head and shank used for turning screws. ________ 7.Wrenches are tools with hand and jaw which may be fitted to the head of the nut used to tighten or loosen the bolts. __________ 8. Oil stone is used after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth and keen edge of the tools. ________ 9. Rough facing tools are also called striking tools. _________ 10. In carpentry we use Level both for guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position. _________ Test 111: Fill in the blank Direction: Choose the correct answer on the box and write it in the blank.Strength Hardness Durability Cleavability Wood Lumbering Skidding Bucking Board Heart Shakes| 1. The defects in wood that is usually occur at the starting point of the limb or branch Of the wood is called the ___________. 2. The _________ are radial cracks originating at the heart of the logs. 3. We used the term _________ to the operation performed in preparing wood for commercial purposes. . The process of sawing into smaller pieces after the removal of the branches is what we called the _________. 5. Te term ________ means that pieces of logs are moved to an assembly area, loaded to transport equipment then carried out of the forest to a sawmill. 6. As applied to wood, ________ means the ability to resist decay or simply the end of its life under a given condition. 7. T he resistance of the wood to cleavage along the grains is the _________. 8. ________ is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain. . A ________ is a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark. 10. In the preparation of wood, ________ is a piece of lumber less than 1-1/2 inches thick and at least 4 inches wide. Test 1V: Identification Direction: Identify the correct answer to the statement below. 1. ________ the kind of tool used for marking and testing work which has 90 degree angle. 2. ________ is a tool which has a combination of 45 and 90 degree angle. 3. ________ the longer and wider part of the framing square. . ________ this is the shorter and narrower part of the square. 5. ________ the point of the square which the tongue and body meet on the outside edge. 6. ________ is a device used as guide of the handsaw in cutting objects to form a miter joint. 7. ________ a metal tool use d to check or obtain a vertical line. 8. ________ double bevel square used to divide an angle in a complicated work in one setting. 9. ________ a marking tool with round head used for marking rough works. 10. _______ is a kind of marking tool that is used to inscribe an arc or a circle.

Introduction to Dissertation Essay

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background to the problem The indiscipline problem is ranked as a major issue among students of secondary schools in Mauritius. In fact, this problem is prevailing not only in Mauritius but also across the many nations around the world. According to the Longman contemporary dictionary, indiscipline refers to â€Å"a lack of control in the behaviour of a group of people, with the result that they behave badly†. It occurs when students breach the rules and regulations of the classroom or school. Such disruptive behavior is not only a concern to schools and teachers but also the parents and most importantly to the students, whose future is at stake. Misconduct in the classroom interferes with teaching and learning. It can eventually lead to school dropout and similar negative social outcomes. Students’ behavioral problems are also thought to be a leading contributor to teachers’ and parents’ stress and attrition. Serious breaches of school discipline policy can have profound negative effects on teachers. 1.2 Significance of Study See more: how to start an essay about yourself for college Since discipline plays a crucial role in school system, it is all the more important to assess the measures taken to upholding it. Continuing to apply the present measures blindly without ascertaining oneself if they are  actually alleviating the problem is equivalent to losing money, time or, worse, deteriorating the current situation. The study will help in not only finding if the measures are good or wrong but also to what extent the measures being adopted are effective or not. Since students are not the only ones being affected by the problem, the study will help us get to know students’ perception of the measures used to tackle indiscipline but also perception of teachers themselves. It will give both parties the chance to equally express themselves. By being able to understand each group, it will be possible to introduce and suggest different measures which could bring a better impact, or adapting existing ones to be more productive. Student indiscipline is not decreasing at Saint Bartholomew’s college. We have reached to a point of saturation and it is almost impossible to bring the student’s to the right track. They are out of control and think that the system and teachers are against them. Indiscipline has led to low education level at St Bartholomew’s college, the percentage was below 50 % in 2007 – only 47 %. The main causes of indiscipline need to be identified so that the college can look for better measures. 1.2 Aims of Study The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of present measures used in dealing with student indiscipline at Saint Bartholomew’s College. Student indiscipline has been tainting this college’s reputation. Students are ill-mannered, and this badly influences their future role in their social and professional life. Therefore, it is high time to proactively make sure that the right actions are being taken to decrease, or ideally eradicate, student indiscipline. This study has for aim to assess the existing measures in dealing with student indiscipline at Saint Bartholomew’s college; whether they meeting, and if they are to what extent they are meeting, the expectations. And to observe its impact whether it is positive or not. 1.3 Objectives of Study The main objectives of the study are : Finding out if indiscipline is increasing despite the existing measures Analysing factors resulting in indiscipline Investigating on the existing methods at Saint Bartholomew’s College Knowing if indiscipline will keep on growing Knowing new methods can be introduced to ameliorate the situation 1.5 Problem of Statement Pedagogues have been trying to implement measures to eradicate indiscipline in schools. In fact, all the stakeholders (teaching staff, Ministry of Education) work in unison to alleviate the problem. Methods such as having CCTV installed within the school compound to keep an eye on students or SMS Alert to parents in case of Lateness or absenteeism are not decreasing indiscipline. Living in a society, transformed by technological progress and influenced by Media, Mauritian Youth has gone beyond control; they are living in their own world, forgetting that Mauritian society is still tied to old traditions and cultures. Students are rebelling against rules and regulations of their institutions. Student Indiscipline has been a major problem at Saint Bartholomew’s college, Port Louis. It keeps on increasing. According to Premita Leelachand from Defi Media, the college â€Å"accepts all students who seek admission, even school drop-outs who either failed or were removed by their previous institutions due to bad behaviour. In fact, St Bartholomew’s is regarded as the last resort for students who are considered hopeless.† This is the main reason why the percentage of indiscipline in high at the private aided college. Students already have discipline problems and still show no signs of respect towards their teachers and express no interest in education. Traditional punishments such as writing in journals or detention hours do not seem to scare them anymore. Being punished has become a ‘honor’ for them and it increases their ‘respect’ among other students. This is why there is a need to check whether the measures being presently taken are effective or not. 1.6 Research questions The research questions will be as follows: What are the methods being used? Why is indiscipline on an increase since the last years? What do students and teachers think about indiscipline and the measures adopted? What can be done to improve student discipline and making the deterring measures more effective? 1.7 Assumptions Indiscipline is increasing despite various measures introduced by the Ministry of Education and the college itself, for example, the counseling unit at the college. 1.8 Format of Study The Study will be divided into 5 main sections: Chapter 1: Introduction This part of the study gives an overview of the topic and prepares the reader for the next chapters. It analyses the background of the problem, gives its importance and aims and objectives of the study as well. Chapter 2 :Literature Review Literature review will give a deeper overview of the problems of indiscipline in Mauritius and describe measures adopted to deal with these problems. Chapter 3: Research Methodology In this section, the interview format to quantify the problem will be discussed. Chapter 4: Discussion of Findings and Analysis of Data Statistical tools will be used to extract the pertinent information from the data collected. These statistical approaches are discussed in this part of the research and the conclusions inferred from the analysis will be discussed. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 1.9 Conclusion This was the first chapter of the study. It had for aim to prepare the reader for further chapters of the study and to understand the topic and the actual issue, that is, impact of measures dealing with student indiscipline at Saint Bartholomew’s College, clearly.

Sustainable Transport Policy

1. Developing Countries and Transportation Transportation in developing countries is considered to be a significant influence on major global issues, many of which are associated with the state of the environment and of human life. According to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries â€Å"are taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies†, but the developed countries â€Å"are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico†. Cities within developing countries are different in their economic, political and demographic aspects. However, economic improvement can lead to growth in the road and transport infrastructure but vehicle ownership slows this rate (Gwilliam, 2003). The existing city structure and political history means that most of these cities are unable to provide efficient mass transports services due to â€Å"scatter pockets† (Gwilliam, 2003). The quickly increasing popul ation is related with a below average proportion of the land that is allocated for transport. Whilst other sectors, such as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, transportation problems can be seen to worsen with economic development (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). It can be difficult to examine common urban transportation issues in developing countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, one of the important trends is population growth; the population density rate in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to increase to 60% by 2025; developing countries have a massive share of this rate of about 90% (Road Management & Engineering Journal, 1998). Furthermore, any increase in the population leads to an increase in transport problems, such as car ownership – which has risen in developing countries in recent years along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars; this also relates to economic growth (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or three wheels is also rising, especially in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of pollution (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of suitable public transportation to match the population growth is another issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its contrast with capital costs. Hence, another phenomenon emerges which is a city’s sporadic growth without following a regular pattern. It makes it difficult for people to gain use from mass transportation and means that the city needs additional provisions for public transport and to improve the access to transport. However, these transportation trends are influenced strongly by environmental and social standards which are completely linked to life quality and production. These involve â€Å"congestion, energy consumption, air pollution, and traffic crashes† (Road Management & Engineering Journal, 1998). 2. Transport problems The fundamental social and economic actions are people’s mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of transportation used worldwide and their numbers have grown massively in developing countries; especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and road infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are traffic congestion, environmental issues, safety and poverty. 2.1. Congestion This phenomenon is common in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increasing car ownership has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities reach the rate of car use and congestion as those in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average travel speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased travel time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in one-way roads is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, while in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ow nership growth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be faster than population growth; it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex relationship between urban growth and transport services. Currently about 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasingly, and developing countries share approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up about 14% of the planet’s population, equivalent to about one billion people; in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. Urbanization could be observed at a higher level in North Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilit ies and poor vehicle quality (Abuhamoud, ibid). This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the country’s rapid economic growth. It is expected that this figure will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to people’s immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy because the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle stock was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries; this was 24% in 2002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system. Much more can be done to combat congestion, such as: encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas; improving transport quality between cities; stopping transport subsidies in cities; improving road management and structure by devoting a sufficient land for roads; improving traffic management and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus stations by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and then mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could offer a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999). 2.2. Environment problems Transport and movement have a direct impact on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human health. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and Santiago, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can inflict serious damages to the public health. In addition to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines outline and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from increased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to people’s health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of oil which means an increase in CO2 emissions which directly causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people worldwide; for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing life threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the main cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy using and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately 140% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nations (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons; however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the main sourc e for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003). Additionally, there are a large number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwilliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of today’s transport seems unsatisfactory in the sustainability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanity’s health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). The environment can be improved by working to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest â€Å"inspection and maintenance (I/M) programme†, using new motorcycle technology, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the â€Å"own-price elasticity for gasoline consumption† (Gwilliam, 2003). 2.3. Safety Safety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injured due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victim’s psychological state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a dri ver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this country (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far as the road space. This has been applied in most cities in China. The deficiency of bicycle paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). However, transport safety and security can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gwilliam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced through improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable enough for all road users. 2.4. Poverty The distributional impacts of transport developments which have declined to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walking although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the main modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make fewer trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of better quality transport which can increase the opportunity for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians’ path surface and pavement design could help safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to raise attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport network in cities (Gwilliam, 2003). 3. Transport and life As the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and essential spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and people’s mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into account what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements. 4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 Climate Change The transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorization and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and climate change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). Climate change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the future (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are modes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages people’s tendency to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24% , which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expected to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management & Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emissions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through â€Å"improving fuel technology† and finding a â€Å"mode-shifting solution† (Wright and Fulton, 2005). 4.2. Peak Oil Peak oil is another issue worth mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in terms of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters – Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway – is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an enormous oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007). Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from policy interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are positive impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008). Conclusion: It is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects on the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), using new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into consideration the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to keep the current public and non-motorised transport running, in order to developing future sustainable tr ansport and to protect the climate and the energy. References Abuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., & Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa: A review. The Social Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63. [online] http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf [accessed October 22th 2013]. Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and exporting countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. [online] http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy & transport Policies Section. [online] http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf [accessed October 24th 2013]. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: a review. Journal of transport geography, 15(5), pp. 354-367. [online] http://www.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Cheng, H., & Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in China’s urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), pp. 119-126. [online] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauth#!divAbstract [accessed October 25th 2013]. Dargay, J., Gately, D., & Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960-2030. The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. [online] http://www.xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf [accessed October 25th 2013]. Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 33(7), 671-689. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051 [accessed October 22th 2013]. Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [accessed October 20th 2013]. Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries: Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), pp. 154-166. [online] https://webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf [accessed October 23th 2013]. TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management & Engineering Journal. [online] 1-800-777-2338 http://www.usroads.com/index.html [accessed October 22th 2013]. Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. [online] http://www.sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391:challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary [accessed October 20th 2013]. Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013].