Taliban vs Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Essay Example for Free

Taliban vs Islamic state of Afghanistan EssayAfghanistan is a mountainous land-locked country, which is iodin of the underlying Asian countries. In addition, it is an Islamic country that Islam religion has played a significant role in g everyplacening it. In Afghanistan Many organisations had been changed in past several decades. For instance, the country of Amanullah Khan, the Kingdom of Mohammad Nadir Shah, Mohammad Zahir Shah, The Communist governings, the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Taliban regime, Interim Government, Transitional Government, and the Islamic country Governments.As most of us agree that the Islamic commonwealth of Afghanistan changed very much in contrast to passed regimes, especiall(a)y Taliban Regime. This piece of writing concentrates on similarities and differences of Taliban Regime and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The similarities atomic number 18 fewer among the mentioned governments however, the differences between them are severa l. First the similarities will be discussed secondly the differences will be pointed. The first similarity between these two governments is that in Taliban Regime laws and regulations of Islam was implemented and maintained in according with Sharias laws.It always tried to carry on the Islamic laws on people and disputes. in that location were three types of courts such as, Primary Court, sympathetic Court, and Supreme Court. In a similar way, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is also trying to implement Islamic rules and regulations. It is also seeking to help people by solving the disputes by carrying on the rules of Islam. For solving the cases and disputes, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is structured three types of courts, for instance, Primary Court, Appealing Court, and Supreme Court. some other exchangeableness between Taliban Regime and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the centrality of government in Kabul. From the first invasion that Taliban did, they had the plan take the control over Kabul, after capturing the Kabul City, Taliban decided to establish their central government in Kabul City. For all of their time in government, their central government was located in Kabul. Similarly, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, from the beginning of its government, the central government organizations are located in Kabul City.The third similarity between those two mentioned governments is the patronage of some foreign countries of both governments, Taliban Regime and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. When Taliban came to the power, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and reportedly United States of America were the strongest take holders of Taliban Regime. The first country that supported them was Pakistan. Pakistan always announced their support of Taliban Regime. Furthermore, it also provided the Taliban Regime an enormous amount of specie and military equipments.Likewise, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is also supported by some countries, such as, USA, some European Countries, Japan, India, Turkey, and many others. They all give any kinds of support for the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The most obvious difference among these two governments is in education. For example, in Taliban Regime, there were no education facilities for females. Females were not allowed to attend schools and universities. They were all far from education.Talibans thought was that if a girls or a woman go to school, they would learn not Islamic principles. In contrast, in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, females are allowed to join schools, universities and other education centers to have education. Moreover, the government is also trying to provide opportunities for both males and females to get educated and even to complete their educations foreign Afghanistan. The next very important difference between these two governments is entertainment. In Taliban Regime there was not any kind of entertainment for pleasure an d enjoyments.There was moreover one TV and one radio station by the name Islamic State TV and Radio Station that showed and played just all the fundamental issues of Islam. There were no music, movies, cinemas, and parties. Even in wedding and other parties if someone played music, he or she would be punished and send prison. On the other hand, In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, there are more than twenty TV channels and almost eighty radio displace that bring enjoyments and pleasure in peoples lives. People can have music in their weddings and parties.They can play music, watch TVs, and listen to radios. Another distinction between these two mentioned governments was the governing system of each. For example, in Taliban Regime, the government was just over several provinces. They did not have control all over Afghanistan although they had a central government in Kabul. Their government was always in risk that one day it would be collapse. Some of the important offices were n ot pass on meetly. There was not good management in ministries. Corruption was in most ministries, especially in courts.Instead, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan contains a good and proper governing system. It is trying to offer chances of development for its employees and offices. It has got line by line authority of command. It is a selective government. There is National conclave of Afghanistan. Furthermore, members for National Assembly of Afghanistan are selected by people. There are appropriate procedures of doing something in government offices. The other difference between Taliban Regime and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is that in Taliban Regime women were not allowed to get out of their houses lonely.And they were not allowed to walk lonely in the markets and streets. If a woman found alone in anywhere in the city, one of her family member would be punished. Conversely, there is no one that people would afraid of them in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan wome n are free to go anywhere like restaurants and markets. The economical perspective is another difference among Taliban Regime and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. In most of the provinces of Afghanistan during the Taliban period were wars happening. Therefore, people lift their homes and went to other countries.There were no farmers, no engineers, no doctors, overall no professionals that could help Afghanistans economy to develop. The government income was very less but the prices for goods were so high. No one invested in Afghanistan because being insure about the future of government. In contrast, in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, countries are hardly trying to invest in Afghanistans infrastructures. The government by itself is seeking to provide job opportunities for Afghan people. Professionals who lifted Afghanistan in Taliban Regime are coming back to their country to bring new ideas of development.In conclusion, it is now clear to most of us that Afghanistan had a very old history. Furthermore, the above facts show and indicate that Afghanistan passed a very difficult situation. The hardest situation that Afghanistan get across through is the Taliban Regime. Although, some people are in support of Taliban Regime in past, but now some people are against them because of some difficulties in compare to this government, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Although there are some similarities between these two governments, but there are several differences between them.

The Values And Ethics Social Work Essay

The set And Ethics Social Work EssaySocial proles atomic number 18 set ab bulge out with making decisions about risks whilst managing the pressures of limited resources such as a lack of tender actors and societys heap of neighborly work (11). This after partful political campaign a affable worker to be risk averse and become more concerned with avoiding risk to protect themselves instead of taking action that may be redress for the renovation user. 88% of fond workers have expressed a concern that cuts in services can put peoples lives at risk and 77% verbalise that they were unable to manage their eludingloads (1). Wales has the second highest vacancy rate of fond workers in the UK at 9% with England at 11% (Lombard, 2010). in that location atomic number 18 3 divergent types of risk (Adams, Dominelli Payne). These are the risk to service users from others, the risk to service users from themselves and the risk to others from service users.In the statutory se ctor risk sagacity is a needed part of casework as it is within law and agency policy to assess risk to an individual (Healy,2012). S17 and S47 of the tiddlerren be active 1989 places a duty on a social worker to investigate when it is believed that a squirt is at risk of slander. The difference between S17 and s47 is the urgency and seriousness of risks (Beckett, 2010). Risk to the fry includes some form of harm and the probability of that harm occurring.2. Factors of RiskThere are certain factors in a minors life that may be linked to poor outcomes (Parton, ) These include low-toned family income, homelessness, parenting capacity, post natal depression in the mother, low birth weight, substance misuse and community factors such as residing in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. protective(p) factors may include a strong relationship with parents and other significant adults, parental interest and involvement in the electric shavers education and positive role models. There ar e also other protective factors if the child is outgoing, has self motivation, has intelligence and plays an active role in family and community life. The more risk factors bribe the more likely it is that they would experience abuse or poor outcomes (5). Early intervention to identify risks can help to reduce problems.Identifying the risk and protective factors can slip away a prognosis on the childs afterlife development (8). Assessing their needs and risks give help to identify the services that should be in place to impede win impairment to their health and development (BASW, 2012, 3.2).In assessment we must(prenominal) recognise the factors that could have harmful consequences and the severity and the likelihood of harm (Beckett, ). The vexedy in assessing risks is that we may see a high risk factor that may be unlikely to materialise but dismiss low risk factors which may cause more harm long term. There is the potential to reinforce social inequalities as many factors are strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage such as single parents, low income and previous institutional care (CCW, 2002, 1.5).3. AssessmentIn social work the assessment of children involves analysing the childs development needs, parenting capacity and family and environment factors (Welsh Government, 2001). Using the assessment triangle gives a holistic view of the child and the influences upon them. Once any the instruction is ga at that placed it can be easier to identify the areas in which a child is most at risk and how those risks maybe addressed (BASW, 2012, 3.2).Risk is an aspect of all assessments (Whittington, 2007). The aim of a risk assessment is to consider the situation, decide on the likelihood of the risk happening and aim to reduce the identify risk having a negative impact.There are different types of risk assessment (Coulshed Orme, ). These are preventative, investigative and continuation. Preventative is lowtaken before intervention to decide on whether or not to intervene. It involves looking at the situation and assessing the risk factors along with balancing the rights of service users and the responsibilities of the social worker. Investigative is carried out during an initial assessment to identify the current and potential risks. Continuation assessment is balancing the risks of intervention a elevatest no intervention. A social worker should evaluate the original situation then acknowledge changes and what effect these changes ordain have if any at all.In social work the actuarial and clinical methods of risk assessing are utilise (Cree Myers, ). The actuarial method uses statistical calculations of probability and how an individuals behaviour is judged on the basis of behaviours in other people in a similar situation. The clinical method uses personality factors and situational factors relevant to risky behaviour and the interaction between the two.Adhering to legislation, policy and procedures and the rights of the service user should ensure sober practice in relation to assessment and managing risk and protection (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, ). Legislation and policy shapes and determines the actions, duties and powers of a social worker (CCW, 2002, 6.1). Failure to follow set policies and procedures can result in things going wrong.4. Skills and Judgements in Assessment counselling of risk is often judged by the outcome and not the process of the assessment (7). When examining a case that has had negative outcomes it is easy to see the presence of heightened risk. This can reinforce the view that the outcome could have been avoided had the risks been realised. Conducting an initial assessment requires interview skills to get the information and cogitate skills to analyse the information and identify risks (CCW, 2002, 4.2).Assessment is an essential skill in itself (9). It requires in effect(p) conversation skills to gather the necessary information and critical analytical skills t o construe that information. A social worker will need the appropriate skills to be able to negotiate with a service user or an agency in order to provide appropriate services (BASW, 2012, 2.2.3).Serious case reviews often highlight the importance of assessment and analysis (Good practice in assessment book). An effective assessment looks at the overall situation to explain what has happened to a child and provides a framework for analysing the needs of the child and the dangers that individuals pose to children. Particular care must be taken so that the assessment does not become over optimistic and minimise the risk to the child. The focus should be on gathering exhibit to make passkey legal opinions about whether a child is safe from harm, neglect, and abuse.Other skills in assessing risk is the ability to predict what may happen in the future in areas of uncertainty (Trevithick, ). If the information gathered is accurate and up to date and the social worker has a sound know ledge and skill base there is less chance of over or underestimating the risks involved. In order to gain accurate information a social worker should use effective communication and listening skills to pick up on the risks presented.Communication between professionals and agencies may be difficult as there may be issues of power, different priorities and professional values (10). For example a doctor will be more concerned with discharging a service user once their medical issue has been addressed. A social worker will be concerned that services are put in place to ensure that the service user is safe to contribute home. Skills and knowledge are frequently criticised in serious case reviews into child protection services and can adversely affect risk management.5. Risk ManagementIn a review of child protection services it was identified that mistakes in assessment of risk have been either over or under estimating the risk posed to the child (2). Risk management cannot completely el iminate risks only reduce them. An assessment may decide that the risk of harm to a child will be low but low risk events can still happen. A social worker should use their professional judgement when deciding on actions to take as all options will involve a certain amount of risk (CCW, 2002, 4.1). For example when a child is upstage from their family and placed in local authority care they may face other risks such as being unable to settle with a stark naked family. The principles of working in child protection are to maintain the safety, security and well being of individuals. A social worker should use their judgement to equilibrate the possible benefits of a decision against the likelihood of possible harm. They should work with other professionals to make decisions on risk involved so that errors can potentially be reduced (BASW, 2012, 3.1). Lessons can be learnt to improve decision making from the successes as well as the failures. Positive risk taking relies on quality inf ormation. Agencies should character appropriate information on those individuals who pose a risk to others or those that are at risk from harm.A serious case review identified several failings in the protection of Baby P (6). Two of the children in the family were already subject to child protection plans which may be seen as a risk factor. The adults involved had refused to explain Ps injuries. It would have been reasonable to believe that Baby P was at risk if the adults were not willing to provide an rendering if they had nothing to hide. It was recommended that interagency working and communication must improve to ensure that children have a greater level of protection from different professionals. Professionals should recognise and respect all(prenominal) other roles and be trained appropriately together (BASW, 2012, 3.14). Supervision for the social worker in the case of Baby P was inconsistent and often cancelled. When carrying out S47 enquiries a social worker should be s upported by their manager and have periods of supervision to review their caseload. This provides the opportunity to view the actions of the social worker from other perspective so that other options can be explored. A criticism of social workers in child protection is over familiarity with a family (10). The social worker may have long term involvement with the family and are unable to take an unbiased view of the situation. Therefore it is important that supervision takes place to gain another perspective (BASW, 2012, 3.13).Child protection conferences should involve the parents (AWCCP). Professionals should determine how information about the case will be shared with them to ensure that a child is not put at further risk. Unless the criteria for exclusion are met parents should always be encouraged and supported to attend the conference. By attending the conference parents will be clear on what the concerns are, understand the risk to their children and the reason for the involv ement of the different agencies. This will ensure that they are aware of the changes that need to be make to protect their children from harm. During the conference professionals involved must consider the risks of harm if the child were to remain at home and how those risks can be managed. A plan will be created which will detail the arrangements for managing the risks identified and how it will be monitored. The child protection plan must consider the wishes of the child and the parents (CCW, 2002, 1.2).A solution focussed approach can be utilised by the social worker to plan the necessary services required to manage the risk (Creer and Myers). This approach is used when finding solutions to the current situation. A social worker may consider services such as family counselling to explore and understand the issues the family have.6 Values and Ethics etcThere are times when taking a risk is a positive move (Beckett, ). It provides an opportunity to learn to manage risk. If a child is over protected they cannot be expected to understand how and when to take risks. If risks are unavoidable then the positives and negatives of the outcome should be analysed. In child protection the predicament may arise when deciding on whether to remove a child and place them in foster care or remain with the family. As previously identified there are risks in placing a child in foster care. If they are unable to settle they may experience multiple moves. When there are risks of harm to children there will be pressure on the social worker to act quickly but this may be difficult as exploring the risks and benefits effectively may take time.There are also risks to social workers from aggressive parents when working in child protection (Lindon, ). The social worker should acknowledge the parents feelings and refrain from arguing back. As the social worker has a responsibility towards the children they should attempt to diffuse the situation to prevent upsetting the children (CCW , 2002, 5.7). The anger from the parents could present a risk to the children and should be acknowledged as such.A child has the right under Article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to protection from abuse and neglect (WAG, 2008). The parents could also argue that they have the right to a private family life under Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 but if they are subjecting their child to abuse or neglect then this right is over ridden.There are many uncertainties regarding risk in child protection (Adams, Dominelli and Payne). There may be no right or wrong decisions if it is approached correctly. However, there is always the possibility of a negative outcome which can be difficult for all involved and have serious implications for a child. It is difficult to make decisions where there is incomplete knowledge and uncertainty of a situation. The social worker must use their professional judgement to ensure they have taken as much care as possible to address risks with the information available (BASW, 2012, 2.3.4)In conclusion risk can be difficult to manage as it contains many areas of uncertainty. The negative factors should be identified early to prevent further risks occurring. The assessment must take into account all areas in a childs life to ensure a complete picture is gained and all risks are acknowledged. If the social worker has good communication skills then the quality of the information gained should be high and will enable them to make a more sensible assessment. If the relevant information is not gathered then appropriate decisions may not be made. Several recommendations were made in the serious case review of Baby P. Supervision is important as it can ensure the quality of a social workers practice, provide other perspectives on relevant cases and potentially can improve outcomes for service users. Multi agency working is a requirement in social work. It must be utilised to gain a holistic view of the child and identify various services that can be put in place to manage risks. A service user still may not experience a positive outcome even though the most appropriate services are utilised to reduce and manage risks. If the social worker has carried out their duties correctly in accordance with legislation and policies, identified the risks and worked with others to manage those risks then they can be satisfied that they have done all they can and accept that not all outcomes will be positive.

Politics of Illegal Immigration

Politics of Illegal ImmigrationTopic 3 Illegal Migration to Europe by Sea epitomeIllegal migration, the presence on territory of a phallus State, of a third-country national who does not fulfill, or no longer fulfils the conditions of entry as do out in Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code or other conditions for the entry, stay or residence in that Member State1, is a hale reality for the European conglutination and will increasingly affect a wide range of issues. The signifi rearce and complexity of prohibited immigration by ocean is rivaled only by the lethargy with which EU institutions and member state governments have acted. This document will provide a background of the accepted situation, introduce and explain pertinent EU institutions and briefly explain the effects that illegal migration by sea has on the EU system. In confronting these challenges at the eleventh annual Chicago foreign Model United Nations, delegates should recall the words of Chicagos master u rban planner, Daniel BurnhamMake no little plans. They have no magic to dither mens blood and probably will not themselves be realizedBackground of Illegal Migration by Sea In assessing the status of migration to Europe by sea, it flush toilet be affirmatively stated as existing in a state of permanent crisis. The Migration Policy Centre further cautions that the relationship between challenge and prospect in migration as a whole is unbalanced by illegal sea migration, and notes in its annual report to the EU that while well-managed migration may entertain progress and welfare in origin- as well as destination countries, its mismanagement may put social cohesion, security and national sovereignty at risk.2 The Migration Policy Institute3 delves into more details and articulates rough of the key aspects of this crisis, citing the negative impact of undermining the rule of law, fostering labor exploitation, increasing poverty (by taking jobs aside from native workers or adding t o the numbers of poor in a country) , and putting pressure on public services.4Operating within this state of affairs is the current situation in 2014, which the EUs external border security agency Frontexs5 annual risk analysis calculates to be a record-breaking form for illegal sea (as well as air and land) migration.6 In its report, Frontex notes thatMigration towards the EU in 2013 was characterised sic by three main phenomena a significant increase in the number of Syrians arriving, a steady flow of migrants departing from North Africa and heading across the Mediterranean to Italy, and a sharp increase in spottings of irregular migrants on the westerly Balkan route.This seemingly ever increasing volume of migrants finds its constant in its ever changing composition. Separated by geography and language, thousands of illegal migrants attempt the journey into the EU for the same reasons. In an effort to be quickly accessible to delegates, these reasons are briefly and broadly listed hereWar and other forms of violent conflict/civic breakdownFleeing human rights abuses, including but not limited toGenocide/Massacres/Ethnic CleansingPolitical/Religious/Societal persecutionTrafficking/Child Labor/Slavery economic chaosDelegates should continue to be mindful that this list is neither intended to, nor is, a comprehensive summation of the motivations and external factors behind illegal migration by sea (or any other route) into the EU.Geopolitics of Illegal Migration by SeaGiven the geo semipolitical nature of migration, a visual data map is useful in concord written analysis in terms of distance, geography and other, more human factors. In addition to understanding the data map provided here, delegates would be prudent to strain out and understand a variety of maps and data.Illegal migration by sea into Europe makes international headlines regularly and EU policymakers have been under both political and public pressure for several years now. However, the na tional governments of EU member-states respond to illegal migration in a wide variety of ways. As the Schengen Agreement7 has removed innate borders, it is the external border that requires extensive collaboration between national and EU institutions8. Frontexs annual reports provide greater understanding of the macro-level patterns of migration. One of the important things that can be discerned from the reports is that while the migrant corridors are constant (such is the nature of geography), their appeal is volatile and subject to change with the tides and crosscurrents of European, African and Middle Eastern geopolitics. In 2009, the superlative number of illegal migrants entered the EU after coming ashore in Albania. In 2012, this eastern Mediterranean route had shifted south to Greece. In 2013 and at the beat of this writing in 2014, the majority of sea-faring migrants seek to reach Europe through Italy, Malta, Spain or Greece. 9 For these migrants, UNHCR data indicates tha t the most common current starting point is Libya.10 Libyas attractive qualities include a present state of lawlessness and a long, unpatrolled Mediterranean coastline.TerminologyAs with any complex issue involving the institutions and apparatuses of a bureaucracy, illegal migration to Europe by sea is fraught with important differences in terminology. There are currently 28 EU member-states, resulting in 28 different immigration policies. And while the MPI notes that that some of the elements of those 28 systems are in the process of harmonization (notably asylum)11 it concludes that ultimately, unauthorized migrates are categorized as such by the states into which they migrate, and EU Member States have not reached a common definition of this migrant population. 12 In this climate of disharmony among the member-states, this section is intended to provide delegates with introductory remarks pertaining to some of the tools the EU and member-states employ with regards to the topic at hand.MARE NOSTRUMA military/ humane effort by Italy that operates in the Mediterranean. Launched in response to a highly published episode in October 2013 during which 360 drowned off the coast of Lampedusa, a small Italian island situated half-way between Sicily and Africa, Mare Nostrum has been a humanitarian success13 and an economic burden Italy resents. In the same vein, Mare Nostrum is not only a drastic reversal of a long standing Italian policy on returning migrants at sea to Libya, but a point of contention between Italy and the EU. During an August 2014 G6 meeting, Italys interior minister, Angelino Alfano held a press conference during which he stated that with regard to immigration, Italy has once again shown itself to be a world champion in hospitality, But he added that, if the European partnership and its border management agency did not take over the operation, the Italian government will have to take decisions on the matter14.FRONTEXOfficially, the European Agency for the anxiety of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, Frontex promotes, coordinates and develops European border management in line with the EU fundamental rights charter applying the concept of interconnected Border Management15. However, Frontexs successes in vigorous data collection and risk analysis has been tainted by criticism of its responsibilities and parameters. For example, Frontex currently has no depute to search for or rescue migrants at sea and has maintained that this remains a competence of Member States16. However, Frontex does have primacy in coordinating cooperation between member-states that do conduct such operations and this discrepancy is problematic, to say the least.EUROSUREurosur (European Border Surveillance System) is an information network designed to reduced barriers to the exchange of information between EU member-states. Specifically, information that pertains to unauthorized border crossin gs and to the risks to the lives of migrants, cross border crime, crisis situations and suspect vehicles at external borders17. Eurosur is slated to be fully operational by December 1, 2014. Delegates are further to keep this in mind as the conference will be ongoing during the first few weeks of a full realized Eurosur. What is already readily apparent however is that Eurosur will be no more or less than what Frontex and member-states make of it? While it could prove useful in early detection and rescue of migrates, it also has the potential to bring to the fore a question that the EU, and this committee must grapple with. Namely, what specifically do to with those who have been rescued? endIllegal migration by sea gives a new name to an old problem. The movement of peoples in search of a better life. In doing so it has opened an unnerving lack of solidarity among EU member-states even as the tools and institutions of the European Union increasingly overlap. But the union is noth ing without the national governments of member-states and this conclusion leaves delegates with more questions than answers. For example, if the fiscal burden of sea rescue operations was spread across the EU, would the Mediterranean members expand their programs or would an EU budget merely replace, rather than complement a national one? Questions like this, as well as possible answers are to be any delegates most stalwart companion before and during the conference.1 European Commission, Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals. Official Journal of the European Union (L 348 2008), http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJL200834800980107ENPDE2 http//www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC-RR-2013-009.pdf3 The Migration Policy Centre is an research institution affiliated with the European University Institute, Florence while the Migration Policy Institute is an independent, nonparti san, nonprofit think tank in Washington, DC4 http//www.migrationpolicy.org/research/TCM-irregular-migration-europe56 http//frontex.europa.eu/news/frontex-publishes-annual-risk-analysis-2014-wc71Jn7 The Schengen area allows freedom of movement for all travelers, irrespective of citizenship. Schengen comprises all EU member-states with the exception of the UK and Ireland. EU member-states Cyprus, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria are legally obligated to trade union and are in the process of implementing the Agreement. Additionally, European Economic Area (EEA) states Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway are within Schengen.8 http//www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC-RR-2013-009.pdf9 http//frontex.europa.eu/news/frontex-publishes-annual-risk-analysis-2014-wc71Jn10 http//www.migrationpolicy.org/research/TCM-irregular-migration-europe11 Ibid12 Ibid13 With 62,982 people rescued by the operation consequently far according to figures released by Italys Interior Ministry14 http//ww w.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/15/italy-coalition-government-angelino-alfano-immigration-tension-mare-nostrum15 http//frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/mission-and-tasks16 http//www.statewatch.org/analyses/200-frontex-search-rescue.pdf17 Memo 13/864 of the European Commission of October 8, 2013

Causes of Workplace Accidents

Causes of Workplace AccidentsWorkplace accidents are generally caused by the unsecured demeanor of employees and the unsafe situate of objects (Shi Wenwen, et al., 2011). In the past, root causes of those accidents were reported mainly in terms technological malfunctions and the humane element tended to be ignored (Gordon, 1998). Technology and ashess strike become more reliable and the frequency of technological failures has diminished, there is little uncertainty today that human errors contribute to the majority of safety incidents indoors soaring luck industries (Baysari, et al., 2009 Skalle, 2014).The current research on the workplace accidents document that human errors are the root cause of up to 80% of incidents in high risk industries (Liping, 2003 Cullen and Anderson, 2005 Garret and Teizer, 2009 Ganguly, 2011 Quanmin, et al., 2011). As Reason (1997) indicated in an earlier research, it is expected, because human decisions and actions are not only involved in accide nts, but also in the design, construction, operation, alimentation and solicitude of complex systems.The signifi basisce of human factors contribution to safety has been demonstrated all over the past two decades by the often-quoted examples of the contribution of human failures to the major accidents inwardly the process industry such as Bhopal, Piper Alpha, Texas City refinery explosion, Esso Longford gas explosion and Texaco Milford Haven explosion (Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel, 2004).Given this demonstration, it is astounding that the importance of human factors in the safety management has not yet been extensively acknowledged within the high risk industries in the Middle East. There are scarcely each literatures exist within the Middle East on the relevance of human factors in safety management. Some elements of human factors such as training and pauperization had al counsellings been received attention within the oil and gas industry however, they have been deliberately m anaged as part of an integrated safety management system or with the rigour that their contribution to the risk requires.The term human error is defined in several literatures (Norman, 1981 Reason, 1990 Sanders and McCormick, 1993 Salmon, et al., 2005). Reason (1990, p.9) defined human error as a generic term to encompass all those occasions in which a planned sequence of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its mean outcome, and when these failures cannot be attributed to the intervention of some chance agency. Salmon, et al. (2005, p.5) defined human error as any mental or physical activity, or failure to perpetrate activity, that leads to either an undesired or unacceptable outcome. Dhillon Liu (2006) and Shi Wenwen, et al. (2011) point out that the causes of human errors are complicated, and the basic reasons can be ones own unsafe psychological activities, physiological factors, environmental factors, insufficient safety training, poor design factors and inadequate procedures.The term human factor is often referred as the thread that stocks finished the safety management system, the organisation for safety and the culture of a site (Cullen and Anderson, 2005). Cacciabue (2004, p.12) defined human factors as the technology concerned with the analysis and optimisation of the descent between people and their activities, by the integration of human sciences and engineering in systematic applications, in consideration for cognitive aspects and socio-technical working contexts. The United Kingdom, health and gum elastic Executive (HSE) defined human factors as environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety (HSE, 2005, p.5 Ganguly, 2011, p.14).Hughes Kornowa-Weichel (2004) and Cullen Anderson (2005) highlight that it is important to integrate human factors from the early stages of process design and procedural development to reduce human failures. Hamilton, et al. (2013, p.5) state that human factors integration is the principal method for applying human factors to the development of socio-technical systems across safety critical industries. In this way, the integration helps to ensure that human factors methods and principles are utilise appropriately and consistently during the system development in order to achieve a safe and effective design for end users.McLeod (2004) indicates that human factors maturity discernment of an organisation should be in terms of what action organisation takes to minimise the human contribution to incidents and the impact on the health of the workplace through the way it designs the equipment and implements its associated training and procedures.On the whole, the above discussed literatures put forward the claim that management systems, irradiations and equipment of an organisation to be designed with the potential capabilities and limitations of people in mind to run it safely and effectively as people are the integral and key features of the business systems. Therefore, the best practices of human failure prevention can only be attained when human factors are integrated into the procedural and system development phase rather than considering as a stand-alone activity. For this reason, the success rate of human failure prevention mostly depends on the level of human factors integration into the health and safety management system of that organisation.Background to the organisationLamprell Energy exceptional (LEL) is a leading provider of diversified engineering and contracting services to the onshore and offshore oil and gas and renewable energy industries. Based in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) and with the operations throughout the region, Lamprell has played a prominent role in the development of the energy industry within the Middle East for over 35 years. Lamprell has established a leading market position in the construction, commissio ning and installation of rigs, process modules and top sides. The primary facilities of Lamprell are located in Hamariya, Sharjah and Jebel Ali all of which are located within the U.A.E. The facilities cover approximately 910,000 m2 with 2.2 km of quayside. The organisation employs approximately 2400 employees in the Jebel Ali facility where the research was conducted.Reason for the dissertationHealth and safety is a core value within Lamprell businesses and a strong health and safety culture exist within the group. The health and safety management system is accredited by the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 180012007 standard. Surveillance audits are carried out by Bureau Veritas, a global leader in the management systems certification with a strong presence within the U.A.E.Kelvin Top Set root cause analysis tool and problem solving methodology is used within the organisation for the investigation of workplace incidents. This ensures that the root causes o f all incidents reported within the organisation are consistently identified.An analysis carried out on all the lost time, restricted work, medical treatment accidents and root causes reported in the last 3 years within the Jebel Ali facility of Lamprell reveals that the accidents caused by the human failures are at an alarming rate. There were no fatalities reported during this period within the organisation. It was confirmed that accidents are classified found on the similar reporting criteria across all three years to ensure consistency of collected data.Figure 1. Total Accident Frequency arrange (AFR) and Human Failure Accident Frequency Rate from January 2011 to December 2013.Figure 2. The causes of human failure accidents from January 2011 to December 2013.As Figure 1 indicates, there was a rise in AFR in 2012 compared to 2011 and then dropped in 2013. Human failures contributed 76%, 82% and 83% to the total AFR in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. The causes of these human failure accidents were retrieved from Lamprells bingle Incident Reporting System (SIRS) and illustrated in Figure 2. The pie chart shows that over half the human failure accidents were due to the noncompliance of procedures, poor competency and environmental factors. The high human failure accident rate and the nature of the causes of these failures are self-explanatory for assessing the human factors integration into the health and safety management system of Lamprell.

Physics of the Heart Essay -- physics heart

In the US, heart attacks kill more people than any other single cause. Many of the deaths are caused by electrical disturbances in a damaged heart that cause it to fibrillate (Pool). Despite current overwhelming saki in the operations of the human being heart, for most of history the human heart has been regarded as a forbidden organ too delicate to tamper with (NOVA). In fact, it might have remained so, were it not for World War II where military doctors, faced with massive numbers of injuries ushered the world into our current medical trajectory.Your body has about 5.6 liters of blood. All of this blood circulates through the body three generation every minute. In one day, the blood travels a total of 12,000 miles (NOVA). Rhythmic condensates of the heart pump blood occur in response to electrical chasteness pulse sequences. Active cells in the sinoatrial node in the heart trigger a sequence of electrical withalts that control muscle contractions, which pump the blood. Scient ific interest in the heart goes back centuries. Some of the most basic understandings about the operation and specifically the electrical currents of the heart were discussed during the May 17, 1888 Proceedings of the Royal fraternity of London by Professor J.A. McWilliam of the University of Aberdeen. The following conclusions were based on his studies of mammalian hearts in cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, hedgehogs, and guinea-pigs. * An all or nothing approach to heart contraction o If a stimulus was strong enough to excite contraction, it produced a maximal contraction * The application of interrupted currents induces fibrillar contractions which can be recovered from even after long period under the combined influence of artificial respira... ...n that prevents the heart from immediately contracting again. Bibliography1. Cactus Picture March 16, 2005.2. Campbell, Neil A. (2002) Biology 6th edition. benzoin Cummings. San Francisco, CA.3. Kay, Ian. (1998) Introducti on to Animal Physiology Springer-Verlag New York Inc.4. McWilliam, J.A. (1888) On the Rhythm of the Mammalian Heart Froceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, pages 206-208.5. NOVA. Cut to the Heart PBS Online 1997.6. Pool, Robert. (1990) Heart Like a Wheel Science, Vol. 247, No. 4948, pages 1294-1295.7. Putnam, Jeremiah L. Heart Diagram Professor of Biology. Davidson College.8. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. (1997) Animal Physiology Adaptation and environment Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY.

The Process of Obtaining a Home Mortgage Essay -- Business

To begin this executive summary, we first look at the issue of research. In our semester project we are discussing the steps angiotensin-converting enzyme would take in order to get a home mortgage. The reason we have chosen to do this project is to see how one goes about not only becoming approved for a loan but also how to service your mortgage and keep it up to par. The sources that we used in obtaining this information were sources that were able to help educate us on home mortgage and also help us further understand the entire process. The web-site www.mortgage-x.com was to me the roughly useful in our research. This site provided thousands of articles on the issue, a glossary and dictionary to help us in our search, and also provided a number of links to some other sites that could elaborate on a certain subject. One of the links that we visited was www.fanniemae.com, this site helped us further understand Fannie Mae and apply it to our research. With this extensive research we came across a number of main findings. The first was how one went about getting a home mortgage. We found that when applying for a mortgage the borrower must give a honorable mention report, prove sources of income, show proof of any assets, and proof of any debts, i.e. credit card payments, car loans, ect. After the application process the applicant is either real or denied the loan, then the terms of the mortgage are decided upon. Terms of the mortgage can include length of the loan or interest that entrust be charged on the mortgage. Then a mortgage agreement is signed by the borrower and the borrower receives receives the mortgage and the monetary institution begins to service the loan. Upon the closing of the mortgage, the financial institution begins to service the ... ...lue of the house and other factors. Sources1)Gasper, Juli-Ann Ph.D, Mortgage Securitization, Power Point presentation copyright 2002.2)Hayes III, Samuel L., Mortgage Banking Har vard. 1992.3)Home Buyers Guide. Omaha submit Bank, 20014)Kidwell, David S., Richard L. Peterson, and David W. Blackwell. Financial Institutions, Markets, and Money. Harcourt College, 2000, Chapter 10.5)Managing Your Mortgage. 18 Feb. 2002 http//www.mortgage- x.com/library/managing.htm.6)Peterson, Doug. Personal interview. 18 Feb. 2002.7)Mortgage Application. 18 Feb. 2002 http//www.mortgage- x.com/library/application.htm.8)Transfer of Your Mortgage. 18 Feb. 2002 http//www.mortgage- x.com/library/loan_transfer.htm.9)Understanding Fannie Mae. 15 Feb. 2002 http//www.fanniemae.com/aboutfm.

The Strong Women in The Orestia by Aeschylus Essay -- Aeschylus Orest

The Strong Women in The Orestia by Aeschylus To most readers, the women of The Orestia are evil and vindictive, a disgrace to all chaste and righteous women. Aeschylus portrayed women as equals to men, which was not the opinion of most Greeks at the time. Although he showed some of his women characters as evil, he minded(p) them power, and emasculated the men around them. Un worry Homer, the women of Aeschylus show both ranges of emotions, both the good and the bad. A wo homo portrayed as a villain whitethorn be thought of negatively, but the fact that a female is allowed to be the villain, to take action, and leave other men helpless to the choices that she makes, it is a great step. In the time of the Greeks, a woman was either victimized by the male world around her, or victimized other males to hold a institutionalize in the world. Aeschylus made his women characters unique for his time but relevant to ours, since all the bad and evil characteristics of women then are mostly re cognized as readiness and intellect. This theme is mostly clearly shown through Clymanestra. Clymanestra was not an evil character, but rather a misunderstood one. Woman of today could perfectly relate to her situation. For example, Clymanestra was like a housewife, who ran her family while her husband was off focused on his job, working overtime, even when he didn?t need the money, leaving her needs totally ignored to. The husband talked about his work life like he was the gear that everything revolves around, perhaps even talks about the women that worship him for his skills, or at worst, sleeps with his secretary. He sacrificed spending time with his children, even missed his daughter?s first ballet recital, so that he could kiss up to the bos... ... All in all, the truehearted women in Aeschylus were a man?s nightmare, but the fulfillment of a woman?s dream. Clymanestra was the type of woman hated in Greece as a she-devil tyrant, but in the present, the kind of woman who w ould have been a very effective and respected politician who could keep her own in a man?s world. Aeschylus clearly showed that for a woman, it was nobler to take control of one?s life, be independent, and die, than to ride the rivers of passiveness, watch the world float by without taking any action to change one?s fate, and live a fruitless life. Clymanestra was not just another ?evil? woman, but could be looked at as a role model for the feminist movement. She took control of sexuality, of her kingdom, of her children, and her marriage. Works CitedAeschylus. Oresteia. Trans. Peter Meineck. Indianapolis Hackett, 1998.